Chapter 16 The Special Senses
Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors? A) detect specific molecules B) may be either interoceptors or exteroceptors C) occur in the mouth, nose, and some blood vessels D) are always visceral sensory receptors
D) are always visceral sensory receptors
Of the following, the only structures that cannot be sensory receptors are A) rods and cones B) hair cells C) dendrites D) axons
D) axons
Aqueous humor is similar to ____________ in its composition as well, in the way it forms, and its ultimate return to the venous circulation.
cerebrospinal fluid
The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharpen vision are
cones
a light ray passes the refractory structures of the eye in this order..?
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
paralysis of a medial rectus muscle would affect?
depth perception
Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.
inner ear
Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.
iris; pupil
the receptors for static equilibrium that report the position of the head in space relative to the pull of gravity are in the?
maculae of the utricle and saccule
Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the
malleus, incus, and stapes
Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents that result in pain, otherwise detected by all the other classes?
nociceptors
The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the
oval window and round window
the structure that allows air pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with that of the outside air is the?
pharyngotympanic (auditory/eustachian) tube
A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a
receptor
In adults, ____________ are one of the few types of neurons that are replaced mitotically.
olfactory receptor cells
conduction of sound from the middle ear to the inner ear occurs via vibration of the..?
stapes in the oval window
what are the 5 basic taste sensations?
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
sensory impulses transmitted over the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are involved in the special sense of?
taste
The optic disc is the site where...?
the optic nerve exits the eye, and there is a blind spot
Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?
the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
Which set includes only general senses? A) temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure B) pain, pressure, balance, taste, and smell C) vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste D) equilibrium, vibration, hearing, touch, and vision
A) temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure
Which statement is true about the scala media (cochlear duct)? A) It is part of the bony labyrinth. B) It is filled with perilymph. C) It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses. D) It contains a spiral organ that rests on a vestibular membrane.
C) It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses.
All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except A) forms a partition between the external and middle ear B) is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue C) vibrates when struck by incoming sound waves D) transmits sound wave energy into the middle and inner ear
B) is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth? A) semicircular canals B) scala media C) cochlea D) vestibule
B) scala media
Which set includes only special senses? A) equilibrium, vision, gustation, touch, and audition B) touch, gustation, audition, temperature, and olfaction C) gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition D) audition, equilibrium, vision, touch, and pressure
C) gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition
The lacrimal glands produce tears for each of the following functions except A) cleansing the eye surface. B) preventing bacterial infection. C) humidifying the eye orbit. D) moistening the eye surface.
C) humidifying the eye orbit.
Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors? A) gravity, crista ampullaris B) linear acceleration, spiral organ C) rotation of the head, cupula D) sound waves, scala tympani
C) rotation of the head, cupula
____________, or opaque lenses, can make a person functionally blind despite having healthy photoreceptors and visual pathways.
Cataracts
The tarsal glands secrete
a lipid-rich product (oil) that prevents the eyelids from sticking together and lubricates the surface of the eye
The fovea centralis of the retina most directly affects one's ability to
distinguish color and see fine details
At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens
flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision
the transmission of sound vibrations through the internal ear occurs chiefly through what type of substance?
fluid
Unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called
free nerve endings.
of the neurons in the retina, which form the optic nerve?
ganglion neurons
blocking the scleral venous sinus might result in..?
glaucoma
Failure of aqueous humor to reach the scleral venous sinus causes ____________, a condition comparable in certain respects to ____________.
glaucoma; hydrocephalus (where excessive CSF in the ventricles can exert pressure on the brain)
What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?
rods and cones
Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?
saccule and utricle
Of the five basic taste sensations, ____________ tastes are caused by metal ions; ____________, by hydrogen ions; and ____________, by amino acids.
salty; sour; umami
the part of the fibrous layer of the eye that is white, tough, and opaque is the?
sclera
Which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?
semicircular canals
Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called a...
sensation
All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.
transducers; nerve impulses
Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to _________ & __________
utricle and saccule
Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the
vestibular complex
Baroreceptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to
changes in blood pressure.
Receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration and chemistry in the blood are called
chemoreceptors