Chapter 16 The Special Senses

Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors? A) detect specific molecules B) may be either interoceptors or exteroceptors C) occur in the mouth, nose, and some blood vessels D) are always visceral sensory receptors

D) are always visceral sensory receptors

Of the following, the only structures that cannot be sensory receptors are A) rods and cones B) hair cells C) dendrites D) axons

D) axons

Aqueous humor is similar to ____________ in its composition as well, in the way it forms, and its ultimate return to the venous circulation.

cerebrospinal fluid

The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharpen vision are

cones

a light ray passes the refractory structures of the eye in this order..?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

paralysis of a medial rectus muscle would affect?

depth perception

Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.

inner ear

Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.

iris; pupil

the receptors for static equilibrium that report the position of the head in space relative to the pull of gravity are in the?

maculae of the utricle and saccule

Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the

malleus, incus, and stapes

Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents that result in pain, otherwise detected by all the other classes?

nociceptors

The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the

oval window and round window

the structure that allows air pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with that of the outside air is the?

pharyngotympanic (auditory/eustachian) tube

A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a

receptor

In adults, ____________ are one of the few types of neurons that are replaced mitotically.

olfactory receptor cells

conduction of sound from the middle ear to the inner ear occurs via vibration of the..?

stapes in the oval window

what are the 5 basic taste sensations?

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

sensory impulses transmitted over the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are involved in the special sense of?

taste

The optic disc is the site where...?

the optic nerve exits the eye, and there is a blind spot

Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?

the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Which set includes only general senses? A) temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure B) pain, pressure, balance, taste, and smell C) vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste D) equilibrium, vibration, hearing, touch, and vision

A) temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure

Which statement is true about the scala media (cochlear duct)? A) It is part of the bony labyrinth. B) It is filled with perilymph. C) It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses. D) It contains a spiral organ that rests on a vestibular membrane.

C) It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses.

All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except A) forms a partition between the external and middle ear B) is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue C) vibrates when struck by incoming sound waves D) transmits sound wave energy into the middle and inner ear

B) is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue

Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth? A) semicircular canals B) scala media C) cochlea D) vestibule

B) scala media

Which set includes only special senses? A) equilibrium, vision, gustation, touch, and audition B) touch, gustation, audition, temperature, and olfaction C) gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition D) audition, equilibrium, vision, touch, and pressure

C) gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition

The lacrimal glands produce tears for each of the following functions except A) cleansing the eye surface. B) preventing bacterial infection. C) humidifying the eye orbit. D) moistening the eye surface.

C) humidifying the eye orbit.

Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors? A) gravity, crista ampullaris B) linear acceleration, spiral organ C) rotation of the head, cupula D) sound waves, scala tympani

C) rotation of the head, cupula

____________, or opaque lenses, can make a person functionally blind despite having healthy photoreceptors and visual pathways.

Cataracts

The tarsal glands secrete

a lipid-rich product (oil) that prevents the eyelids from sticking together and lubricates the surface of the eye

The fovea centralis of the retina most directly affects one's ability to

distinguish color and see fine details

At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens

flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision

the transmission of sound vibrations through the internal ear occurs chiefly through what type of substance?

fluid

Unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called

free nerve endings.

of the neurons in the retina, which form the optic nerve?

ganglion neurons

blocking the scleral venous sinus might result in..?

glaucoma

Failure of aqueous humor to reach the scleral venous sinus causes ____________, a condition comparable in certain respects to ____________.

glaucoma; hydrocephalus (where excessive CSF in the ventricles can exert pressure on the brain)

What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?

rods and cones

Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?

saccule and utricle

Of the five basic taste sensations, ____________ tastes are caused by metal ions; ____________, by hydrogen ions; and ____________, by amino acids.

salty; sour; umami

the part of the fibrous layer of the eye that is white, tough, and opaque is the?

sclera

Which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?

semicircular canals

Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called a...

sensation

All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.

transducers; nerve impulses

Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to _________ & __________

utricle and saccule

Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the

vestibular complex

Baroreceptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to

changes in blood pressure.

Receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration and chemistry in the blood are called

chemoreceptors