chapter 16 - viral infections of the BLOOD, LYMPHATIC, GASTROINTESTINAL, and NERVOUS SYSTEMS

meninges, limbs, trunk, medulla

POLIO - sometimes the viruses pass through the bloodstream to the __________ - this can result in paralysis of the __________ and __________ * in bulbar polio, the viruses infect the __________, affecting nerves in the neck, face, upper torso

norovirus

__________ infections are a common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in ADULTS * transmission occurs through: the fecal-oral route, direct person to person contact, contact with infected surfaces * recent outbreaks have been seen on cruise ships * they are HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS * DEHYDRATION is the most common complication

rotavirus, diarrhea

__________ infections can be a deadly infection in CHILDREN * transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food/water * the viruses invade the SMALL intestine, inducing __________ * treatment is oral rehydration therapy - two vaccines are available

postpolio

__________ syndrome occurs in individuals who had the polio disease decades ago

coxsackie

__________ virus causes hand, foot, and mouth disease - contagious disease affecting infants and young children * symptoms include fever, poor appetite, malaise, sore throat, rash on palms of hand

hand, foot, mouth, infants, children

coxsackie virus causes __________, __________, and __________ disease - contagious disease affecting __________ and young __________ sx - fever, poor appetite, malaise, sore throat, rash on palms of hands

mononucleosis, mental, microcephaly, reactiate

cytomegalovirus disease is common, producing infectious __________-like symptoms * the virus may pass into the fetus of a pregnant woman, causing __________ impairment (__________) * in immunocompromised people, it can __________ - this can accelerate the progression of HIV to AIDS and infect many body tissues including the retina and brain

3, hemorrhagic, replicate, vomiting, blood

dengue fever - complications are unusual, unless one of the other ____ types of dengue fever enters the body later * it causes dengue __________ fever, where the immune system allows the new infection to __________ * a rash from skin hemorrhages appear, followed by SEVERE __________ and shock, decreased __________ pressure * vaccines are in CLINICAL TRIALS

endothelial, hemorrhaging

ebola hemorrhagic fever - damages __________ cells, causing massive internal bleeding and __________

infections, cancer, hepatitis-D

hepatitis B * complications: persistent __________, cirrhosis, or liver __________ (rare) * several vaccines and drugs for treatment are available - can be complicated by __________-__ co-infection

fluid, 6, primary, 3, 4, jaundice

hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health problem * transmission usually involved direct or indirect contact with bodily __________ * 1 - ___ month incubation period * primary Sx are fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and dark urine * Jaundice occurs after __________ symptoms * recover occurs __ - __ months after the onset of __________ after which an immunity is developed

E, pregnant

hepatitis ___ is also spread by oral-fecal route with similar symptoms as A, but harms __________ women

A, feces

hepatitis ___ is an acute inflammatory liver disease - it is commonly transmitted by FOOD or WATER contaminated by the __________ of an infected individual - transmission can also occur by raw shellfish - three vaccines are available

B, bodily

hepatitis ___ virus is a global health problem - transmission usually involves direct or indirect contact with a __________ fluid * 1 - 6 month incubation period * primary symptoms are FEVER, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and dark urine * recovery occurs 3 - 4 months after the onset of __________ after which an immunity is developed * COMPLICATIONS: persistent infections, cirrhosis, or liver cancer (RARE) *

epstein-barr, B, spleen

infectious mononucleosis is a blood disease - it is caused by the __________-__________ virus (EBV) - * it particularly affects __ lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and __________ * it is spread by contact with SALIVA * many children are infected and show NO symptoms * adolescents or young adults who are infected may have sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, and fever

arenaviridae

members of __________ are associated with chronic infections in RODENTS

filoviridae

members of the __________ produce severe hemorrhagic lesions [EBOLA]

lassa, aerosol, direct, hemorrhagic

members of the arenaviridae are associated with chronic infections in RODENTS * __________ fever is caused by a zoonotic virus carried by rodents * it is transmitted through __________ or __________ contact with rodent excreta or contaminated food * infection leads to severe fever, exhaustion, patchy blood-filled __________ lesions of the throat

lymphocyte, monospot, burkitt's lymphoma

mononucleosis * diagnosis involves observation of elevated __________ levels * antibodies can be detected by the __________ test * NO vaccine or drugs for treatment are available * EBV is also associated with __________ __________

gray, food, water

polio (poliomyelitis) infects the __________ matter of the spinal cord and brain * poliovirus enter the body through contaminated __________ and __________ * polioviruses multiply in tonsils, lymph tissue, gastrointestinal tract

muscle, paralysis, immediately

rabies virus * fever, headache, and increased __________ tension develop * patients become alert and aggressive followed by paralysis and brain degeneration * death from respiratory __________ occurs within days * post-exposure immunization can be done __________ after a bite

violent, docile, lethargic, inoculated

rabies virus * in animals: furious rabies involves __________ symptoms like: wide eyes, drooling, unprovoked attacks - animals with dumb rabies are __________ and __________ * wild animals are vaccinated with __________ dog food and fish meal

warm, 6, 1, location, amount

rabies virus * animal rabies occurs in __________-blooded animals * it enters the body through a skin wound contaminated with bodily fluid from an infected animal * the incubation period varies from __ days to ___ year - it depends on the __________ of entry and the __________ of virus entering the body

gastroenteritis

several unrelated viruses can cause viral __________ * viral __________ is a general name for illnesses involving: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, cramping, headache, Malaise - can be severe in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised

hemorrhagic

some viral diseases cause __________ fevers * flaviviruses can cause a terrifying and sever illness - they are also called arboviruses because they are ARthropodBO(arbo) * INCLUDE: yellow fever, dengue fever, ebola hemorrhagic fever

polio

the __________ virus may be the next infectious disease eradicated

nervous, rabies, mortality

viral diseases of the __________ system can be deadly * the __________ virus is of great medical importance worldwide - it has the highest __________ rate of any human disease once symptoms have begun

A, E

viral infections of the GASTROINTESTINAL tract are a major global health problem * hepatitis ____ and ___ are transmitted by the gastrointestinal tract

asymptomatic, encephalitis, meningitis

west nile virus * many infected people remain __________, or are ill for a few days * rarely the patient will develop __________ or __________ - this can result in permanent neurological effects/death * there is NO vaccine or specific treatment for west nile fever

3, 5, coma, hemorrhaging, vaccines

yellow fever * primary symptoms of yellow fever are abrupt headache, fever, muscle pain - most patients recover after symptoms abate in __ - __ days * in SOME patients, the illness reappears as: nausea, black vomit, jaundice, delirium, hemorrhaging of the gums, mouth, and nose * many patients enter a __________ and die from internal __________ * TWO __________ are available, but no therapeutic drugs exist

ebola, 50, 90, zoonotic, bats

__________ hemorrhagic fever (EHF) has occasional outbreaks in Africa, causing ___ - ___% mortality - it appears to be __________, with fruit __________ as a possible RESERVOIR * transmission can occur with contact with blood or secretions from an infected person or contaminated objects

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

__________ (CMV) disease can produce serious BIRTH DEFECTS * CMV disease is common, producing infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms *the virus may pass into the fetus of a pregnant woman, causing mental impairment (microcephaly) * in immunocompromised people, it can reactivate - this can accelerate the progression of HIV to AIDS and infect many tissues including the retina and brain

hepatitis C, symptomless, cirrhosis, alcoholism

__________ __ virus (HCV) is a transmitted by blood - * most cases develop a __________ chronic infection * __________ is the primary cause of liver transplants in the US * HCV damage is the primary reason for liver transplants in the US - damage is accelerated by __________ and drug use - NO vaccine is available

infectious mononucleosis, B lymphocytes

__________ __________ is a blood disease * it is caused by the EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV) - it particularly affects __ __________ in the lymph nodes and spleen - it is spread by contact with SALIVA - many children are infected and show no symptoms - adolescents or young adults who are infected may have sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, and fever

oral trivalent

__________ __________ vaccines contain all 3 types of poliovirus

west nile, mosquito

__________ __________ virus disease is an emerging disease in the WESTERN HEMISPHERE * it can infect BIRDS, mosquitos, humans, and some other mammals * humans generally contract it through __________ bites

flaviviruses, arboviruses, arthropodborne

__________ can cause a terrifying and severe illness - they are also called __________ because they are __________ INCLUDE: yellow fever, dengue fever, ebola hemorrhagic fever

dengue, four, mosquitos, bones

__________ fever occurs in __________ types - it is transmitted by TWO species of __________ * early signs include: high fever and prostration, then sharp pains and sensations like __________ are breaking, thus the name BREAKBONE FEVER

yellow, mosquitos, zoonosis

__________ fever was the first human disease associated with a virus * it is passed from person to person via blood-sucking __________ * it is a __________ found in monkeys and other jungle animals