Chapter 16 - World War I and Its Aftermath

How did the unification of the German states and the emergence of the German Empire lead to tensions in Europe?

Several countries feared that Germany would invade them and begin to create alliances.

Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 had what effect on the empire's relations with the Slavic people?

Slavs felt that Austria-Hungary had no intention of giving them independence.

what did the new type of warfare lead to

Stalemate Attacks usually began with a massive artillery barrage. Soldiers then raced across the rough landscape toward enemy trenches. Troops used any weapon available to kill the enemy. The new style of fighting, which both sides eventually utilized, resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of men and a stalemate on the Western Front. Offensive and defensive moves by the Allies and the Germans failed to be particularly successful.

What were 4 minute men

The CPI distributed pamphlets and arranged for thousands of "four-minute speeches" to be delivered at movie theaters and other public places. Some 75,000 speakers, known as Four-Minute Men, urged audiences to support the war in various ways, from buying war bonds to reporting draft dodgers to the authorities.

what happened in 1918 with the draft

expanded. Initially, in 1917, all men between the ages of 21 and 30 were required to register for the draft. In 1918, with war casualties rapidly mounting, the age range changed to 18 to 45 years old.

who created armored tank? was it successful

britain. it could crush barbed wire and cross trenches. But there were still too few of the slow, unreliable machines to revolutionize warfare.

What was the "Great Migration"?

the movement of massive numbers of African Americans to the North to take factory jobs

What was the final German act that caused the United States to declare war on Germany?

the sinking of six American ships by German submarines

militarism

the strong buildup of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations.

What was the Zimmermann telegram?

the telegram to Mexico from Germany promising to give Mexico land lost to the U.S. if they joined the war

which drive was dedicated to immigrants

third Although immigration declined during the war years, this third Liberty Bond drive poster was intended to appeal to the new patriotism of the millions of immigrants that had arrived in the United States from 1900 to 1915.

which minority group volunteered the most

thousands of Mexican Americans also served in the war, volunteering for service more than any other minority group in the United States.

What was the primary purpose of the War Industries Board?

to coordinate the production of war materials

Why did Congress pass the Selective Service Act?

to draft Americans into the armed forces

What was the purpose of the wartime agencies created in the U.S. during World War I?

to foster cooperation between the national war effort and private businesses

What were the purposes of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?

to prevent spying and curtail criticism of the government

why was the National War Labor Board created

to prevent strikes The war effort also required the cooperation of workers. To prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in April 1918. The NWLB often pressured industry to improve wages, adopt an eight-hour workday, and allow unions the right to organize and bargain collectively. In exchange, labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production. As a result, membership in unions increased by over one million between 1917 and 1919.

What was the purpose of the Committee on Public Information?

to sell the war effort to Americans

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what was their role

was responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption

what rank were women

yeoman

What was the result of alliances between European countries against one another?

Countries began to engage in militarism.

who started the Great Migration

Henry Ford

Who ran the Food Administration?

Herbert Hoover

Those fighting for the _____ were called the Allies.

Triple Entente

how much in war bonds did they get

$20 billion To fund the war effort, Congress raised income tax rates, placed new taxes on corporate profits, imposed an extra tax on the profits of arms factories, and borrowed over $20 billion through the sale of Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. Americans who bought bonds were lending money to the government to be repaid with interest in a specified number of years.

how much did the us spend

$32 billion

what casued britain to get involved

1. Over time, German militarism led Britain to become involved in the alliance system. Britain's policy was to try to prevent one nation from controlling all of Europe. By the late 1800s, Germany had clearly become Europe's strongest nation. 2. In 1898, Germany began building a large modern navy. The buildup threatened the British, who rushed to build warships. By the early 1900s, Britain and Germany were engaged in an arms race. The race convinced Britain to build closer ties with France and Russia. The British refused to sign a formal alliance, so the relationship became known as an entente cordiale, or friendly understanding. Britain, France, and Russia became known as the Triple Entente.

who was the primary source of labor for ranches and farmers

100,000 mexican immigrants to the southwest

By the end of the war, more than ___ women had served in the navy. Although most performed clerical duties, others served as radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, chemists, and photographers.

11,000

how many AAs came

3-500,000 Desperate for workers, Henry Ford sent agents to the South to recruit African Americans. Other companies quickly followed suit. Promises of high wages and plentiful work convinced between 300,000 and 500,000 African Americans to move north. This massive population movement became known as the Great Migration. The racial makeup of such cities as Chicago, New York, Cleveland, and Detroit changed greatly. Eventually, so did politics in the Northern cities, where African Americans were able to vote.

how many liberty bond drives were there

4. By the second, the bonds offered buyers interest instead of just exemption from taxes. This change made the bonds more appealing to citizens. Almost $2 billion more bonds were sold during the second bond drive.

who made up the 92nd and 93rd infantry divisions

AAs Of the nearly 400,000 African Americans who were drafted, about 42,000 served overseas as combat troops. African American soldiers encountered discrimination and prejudice in the army, where they served in racially segregated units, almost always under the supervision of white officers. Despite these challenges, many African American soldiers fought with distinction. For example, the African American 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions fought in bitter battles along the Western Front. Many of the soldiers in those divisions won praise from the French commander, Marshal Henri Pétain, and the United States commander, General John Pershing.

did AA leaders support the war

African American civil rights leader W.E.B. Du Bois supported America's war efforts, believing that the courage exhibited by African American soldiers benefited the fight for equality.

what was one benefit asian americans recieved for serving

Asians served in the U.S. Army with distinction, being granted citizenship in recognition of their contributions.

which two countries caused the us citizens to be pro-allies

Britain and France. Many Americans valued the heritage, language, and political ideals they shared with Britain. Others treasured America's links with France, a great friend to America during the Revolutionary War.

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes did what

Despite protests, the Espionage and Sedition Acts were upheld by the Supreme Court. Although the First Amendment states that "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press," the Supreme Court departed from a strict interpretation of the Constitution. In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the unanimous opinion. The Court ruled that the government could restrict speech when the speech constituted a "clear and present danger."

what position in the armed forces did women have

Early in 1917, the navy authorized the enlistment of women to meet its clerical needs.

Why did Austria annex Bosnia?

For years the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire had ruled the Balkans. But as nationalism spread in the late 1800s and early 1900s, national groups such as the South Slavs—Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes—began to press for independence. The Serbs, who were the first to gain independence, formed a nation called Serbia between the two empires. Serbia believed that its mission was to unite the South Slavs. Russia supported the Serbs, but Austria-Hungary worked to limit Serbia's growth. In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, which had belonged to the Ottoman Empire, outraging the Serbs. The annexation demonstrated that Austria-Hungary had no intention of letting the Slavic people in its empire become independent.

who got most of the us citizens on board with war and how

GB, propoganda British officials worked diligently to win American support. One method they used was propaganda, or information designed to influence opinion. The British cut the transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to the United States so most war news would be based on British reports. The American ambassador to Britain endorsed many of these reports, and American public opinion swayed in favor of the Allies.

____ used giant rigid balloons called zeppelins to drop bombs on British warships in the North Sea.

Germans

When Britain blockaded German ports, was US more angry at GB or Germ

Germany bc they went against international treaty saying they would sink ships with u-boats A series of events gradually eroded American neutrality and drew the United States into the war. Shortly after the war began, the British blockaded German ports. They forced neutral merchant ships sailing to Europe to land at British ports to be inspected for contraband, or goods prohibited from shipment to Germany and its allies. Although the U.S. government protested Britain's decision, the German response angered Americans even more. In February 1915, the Germans announced that they would use submarines called U-boats to sink without warning any ship they found in the waters around Britain. This decision went against an international treaty signed by Germany that banned attacks on civilian ships without warning.

why did the Triple Alliance form?

In 1870, as part of its plan to unify Germany, Prussia forced France to give up territory along the German border. As a result, France and Germany became enemies. To protect itself, Germany signed alliances with Italy and with the huge empire of Austria-Hungary, which controlled much of southeastern Europe. This became known as the Triple Alliance.

who founded the womens peace party

In 1915, Carrie Chapman Catt and Jane Addams—leaders of the women's suffrage movement—founded the Women's Peace Party. This organization, along with others such as the League to Limit Armament, worked to keep America out of the war.

what were the deadliest disease

Influenza Although the horrors of war soon became apparent to the American troops, their morale remained high, helping to ensure victory. More than 50,000 Americans died in combat, and over 200,000 were wounded. Another 60,000 soldiers died from disease, mostly from the influenza epidemic of 1918 and 1919. The flu epidemic was not limited to the battlefield. It spread around the world and made more than a quarter of all Americans sick. The disease killed an estimated 25 to 50 million people worldwide, including more than 500,000 Americans.

What effect did the war have on women in America?

Many took jobs that were traditionally held by men.

where were barrios formed

Mexican Americans also found new opportunities in factory jobs in Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, and other American cities. Like other immigrant groups before them, they faced hostility and discrimination. Mexican Americans tended to settle in separate neighborhoods, called barrios, where they could support one another.

Germany and Austria-Hungary joined with the _____ and ____ to form the Central Powers.

Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

who was overly pro-british

President Wilson's cabinet. Only Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan favored neutrality. The other cabinet members argued forcefully on behalf of Britain. Many U.S. military leaders also backed Britain believing an Allied victory was the only way to preserve the world's balance of power.

how did wilson get re-elected

President Wilson's success played an important part in his reelection bid in 1916. His campaign slogan, "He kept us out of war," helped him win a narrow victory.

What were the European alliances that were triggered when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia?

Russia and France allied with Serbia against Austria-Hungary and Germany.

what was congress's solution to people being angry about forced military servcie

Selective Service Act Instead of having the military run the draft from Washington, D.C., the Selective Service Act of 1917 required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft. A lottery randomly determined the order in which they were called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service. The thousands of local boards were the heart of the system. The members of the draft boards were civilians from local communities. Progressives believed local people, understanding community needs, would know which men to draft and would do a far better job than a centralized government bureaucracy. Eventually, about 2.8 million Americans were drafted.

Espionage Act

The Espionage Act of 1917 made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort.

what did the fuel adminstration start to conserve energy

The Fuel Administration managed use of coal and oil. To conserve energy, it introduced the first usage of daylight saving time, shortened workweeks for civilian goods factories, and encouraged Heatless Mondays.

Sedition Act

The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to speak against the war publicly. In practice, it allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the government. This went against the 1st amendment. These two laws led to more than 2,000 convictions.

Who did Russia align with?

The new alliance alarmed Russian leaders, who feared that Germany intended to expand eastward. In addition, Russia and Austria-Hungary were competing for influence in southeastern Europe. A common interest in opposing Germany and Austria-Hungary led Russia and France to sign the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. Under the alliance, the two nations promised to come to each other's aid in a war against the Triple Alliance.

who was the first to use airplanes to attack

Then the Allies equipped them with machine guns and rockets to attack the German zeppelin fleet. Other aircraft carried small bombs to drop on enemy lines. As technology advanced, airplanes shot down other airplanes in battles known as dogfights.

___ helped save food for the military

Victory gardens The agency encouraged families to conserve food and grow their own vegetables in victory gardens. "Eat more corn, oats and rye products—fish and poultry—fruits, vegetables and potatoes, baked, boiled and broiled foods. . . . Eat less wheat, meat, sugar and fats to save for the army and our allies," urged Food Administration posters.

who coordinated the production of war materials.

War Industries Board (WIB)

what used artists, entertainers, etc to sway the people

Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to "sell" the war to the American people. Headed by journalist George Creel, the CPI recruited advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinion in favor of the war.

what was the final thing that led to the us entering war

Zimmermann telegram to Germany Events, however, soon brought the country to the brink of war. In January 1917, German official Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico promising Mexico the return of its "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona" if it allied with Germany. British intelligence intercepted the Zimmermann telegram, and it ran in American newspapers. Furious, many Americans concluded that war with Germany was necessary.

what did germany do a month later

after sinking of lusiitanna to prevent US from entering war, germany stopped sinking but resumed after zimmerman. Then, on February 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. German military leaders believed that they could starve Britain into submission if U-boats began sinking all ships on sight. They did not believe that the United States could raise an army and transport it to Europe in time if it decided to enter the war. Between February 3 and March 21, U-boats sank six American ships. Roused to action, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany on April 2, 1917:

AAs were cooks and laborers in this branch

army

Unlike the navy, the ____ refused to enlist women. Instead, it began hiring women as temporary employees to fill clerical jobs. The only women to actually serve in the army were in the ____

army, Army Nurse Corps.

More people were killed by ____ than by any other weapon.

artillery fire

Women had served as nurses in both the army and the navy since the early 1900s, but as ___. They were not assigned ranks and were not technically enlisted in the army or navy. More than ____ nurses served in the Army Nurse Corps during the war, including more than 10,000 overseas.

auxiliaries, 20,000

Both sides used ____ and a new weapon, _________, to guard against the enemy.

barbed wire,the machine gun

why did England seek to forge alliances with France and Russia?

because Germany was creating a naval fleet that threatened the British navy

As part of the war effort, Congress created new agencies staffed by ________ to coordinate mobilization and ensure the efficient use of national resources. These agencies emphasized cooperation between big business and government.

business executives, managers, and government officials

How did the Fuel Administration attempt to conserve coal and oil during the war?

by instituting Heatless Mondays and creating daylight savings time

How did America fund the $32 billion war effort?

by raising taxes and selling bonds

introduced by the fuel adminstration to save energy

daylight saving time

To protect themselves from artillery, troops began ______

digging trenches

american infaltrymen nickname

doughboys

what were the two things people thought needed to be secure before entering the war

economy, public opinion

why was the us tied to the allies winning

financial investments. Companies in the United States also had strong ties to the Allies, and many American banks invested heavily in an Allied victory. By 1917, American loans to the Allies totaled over $2 billion. Although other banks, particularly in the Midwest where pro-German feelings were strongest, lent some $27 million to Germany, the country's prosperity was intertwined with the Allies. If the Allies won, the investments would be paid back; if not, the money might never be repaid.

What were "victory gardens"?

gardens in which citizens grew their own vegetables

which two groups of americans were the most anti-allies

german and irish

who was the first to use poison gas

germans

The desire to promote one's own country's culture and interests above all other nations is called _______.

nationalism

The crisis in the Balkans represented a clash between which two ideals that were emerging in Europe?

nationalism and imperialism

branch of service that authorized enlistment of women

navy

did germany want the us to enter the war

no. Germany did not want to strengthen the Allies by drawing the United States into the war. It promised with certain conditions to stop sinking merchant ships without warning.

was the government the only ones setting up awareness campaigns

no. Nongovernmental groups also helped raise awareness and funds for the war. For example, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee raised $63 million in relief funds. The Jewish Welfare Board set up centers at home and abroad for Jewish servicemen.

did women have stable jobs in factories while men were away

no. With so many men in the military, employers were willing to hire women for jobs traditionally held by men. Some 1 million women joined the workforce for the first time, and another 8 million switched to better industrial jobs. Women worked in factories, shipyards, and railroad yards and served as police officers, mail carriers, and train engineers. When the war ended, however, most women returned to their previous jobs or stopped working. Yet the changes demonstrated that women were capable of holding jobs that many had believed only men could do.

did women serve in combat positions during wwi

no. but they were still in the armed forces

were airplanes very efficient

no. early military aircraft were difficult to fly and easy to destroy. A combat pilot had an average life expectancy of about two weeks.

who said "to be impartial in thought as well as in action."

president wilson

why did austria decide it was time to go to war

prevent Slavic nationalism from undermining its empire

When the United States entered the war in April 1917, ____ controlled the federal government. Their ideas about planning and management shaped how the government organized the war effort.

progressives

system requiring all men of certain ages to register for the draft

selective service

What event in 1914 triggered the beginning of World War I?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

what caused the US to be very anti-germany

sinking of Lusitania On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over 1,000 passengers—including 128 Americans. The attack gave credibility to British propaganda and changed American attitudes about the war. Wilson sent an official protest to Germany, but in March 1916, a U-boat torpedoed a French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany, but then decided to issue one last warning demanding that the German government abandon its methods or risk war with the United States.

airplanes were used to

spy on enemy troops and ships.

what was germany's goal when they resumed unrestricted submarine warfare

starve GB into submission and the US wouldnt have time to enter the war

Who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and where

the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. As he and his wife rode through the city, Bosnian revolutionary Gavrilo Princip shot him

In 1864, while Americans fought the Civil War, _____ launched the first of a series of wars to unite their various states into one nation.

the German kingdom of Prussia

did a lot of people volunteer to go

yes. Not all American soldiers were drafted. Approximately 2 million men volunteered for military service. Some had heard stories of German atrocities and wanted to fight back. Others believed democracy was at stake. Many believed they had a duty to respond to their nation's call.

was the WIB powerful?

yes. The WIB told manufacturers what they could produce, allocated raw materials, ordered new factory construction, and sometimes set prices. Wilson expanded their power.

did serbian officials knew this was going to happen

yes. The assassination occurred with the knowledge of Serbian officials who hoped to start a war that would damage Austria-Hungary.