Review Sheets 8, 9, & 10 - Quiz 4
coccyx
"tailbone" fused vertebrae
fibrocartilage
- between the vertebrae - meniscus in a knee joint - most effective at resisting compression
Parietal bone (cranial bone)
- flat - axial skeleton
Sternum
- flat - axial skeleton
pectoral
- flexibility most important - lightweight - insecure axial and limb attachments
hyaline cartilage
- forms the walls of the voice box - articular cartilages - connects the ribs to the sternum - most abundant
Vertebra
- irregular - axial skeleton
Phalanx (single bone of a digit)
- long - appendicular skeleton
Radius
- long - appendicular skeleton
Calcaneus (tarsal bone)
- short - appendicular skeleton
elastic cartilage
- supports the external ear - the epiglottis - most springy and flexible
pelvic
- weight-bearing most important - secure axial and limb attachments - massive
true pelvis is surrounded by bone
Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis:
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid - produce mucus and moisturize inside of nose.
List the bones that have sinuses, and give two possible functions of the sinuses.
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
List the distal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial:
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrim, pisiform
List the proximal rows of wrist bones from lateral to medial:
frontal bone, right/left parietal bones, right/left temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone.
Name the eight bones of the cranium:
cell, collagen, fibers, and ground substance
Name the important organic bone components.
ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna
Name the two bone markings that form the distal radioulnar joint:
ulnar radial joint and annular ligament
Name the two bone markings that form the proximal radioulnar joint:
discs and s-shaped vertebral column
Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column:
carpals
The ________ are the wrist bones.
metacarpals
The ________ form the palm of the hand, and the heads of these bones form knuckles.
baby can hold head up and baby begins to walk
Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?
those are ossification centers
What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones?
occipital bone and parietal
What bones are connected by the lambdoid?
maxilla, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, palatine
What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?
eye socket
What is a bony orbit?
fibrous membrane between bones of fetus skull
What is a fontenelle?
ruptured discs
What is a herniated disc?
ossify and become bone
What is fate?
to be compressed at birth
What is the function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull?
provides mechanical strength/flexibility
What is the main function of the organic matrix in bone?
fibrocartilage
What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
might rupture nerve; pain
What problems might a ruptured disc cause?
thoracic and sacral
Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth?
articulates with all of the other cranial bones
Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?
temporal joint
With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception:
sinus
air-filled cavity
tarsals
ankle bones
coronoid fossa
anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when bending at the elbow.
maxilla
anterior part of hard palate
ramus
armlike projection
metatarsals
bones forming the instep of the foot
process
bony projection
nasal
bridge of the nose
meatus
canal-like structure
vertebral arch
cavity enclosing the spinal cord
acetabulum
deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone
axis
dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)
glenoid cavity
depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus
epiphysis
end portion of a long bone
Suture
fibrous joints between skull bones
frontal
forms the anterior cranium
inferior nasal concha
forms the most inferior turbinate
sacroiliac joint
joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle
patella
kneecap
tuberosity
large rounded projection
trochanter
large, irregularly shaped projection
calcaneous
largest tarsal bone
lateral melleolus
lateral ankle prjection
capitulum
lateral rounded knob on the distal humerus
lamella
layer of bony matrix around a central canal
femur
longest and strongest bone in the body
central canal
longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
lumbar vertebra
massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining
medial malleolus
medial ankle projection
medial epichondyle
medial condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna
parietal
much of the lateral and superior cranium
crest
narrow ridge bone
fissure
narrow slitlike opening - a passageway for nerves or blood vessels
lesser sciatic notch
notch located inferior to the ischial spine
obturator foramen
opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami
intervertebral foramina
openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
temporal
organ of hearing found here
greater sciatic notch
permits passage of the sciatic nerve
pubic symphysis
point where the hip bones join anteriorly
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches
palatine
posterior bones of the hard plate
olecranon fossa
posterior depression on the distal humerus
transverse process and body
provide an articulation point for the ribs
spinous process and transverse process
provide levers against which muscles pull
epicondye
raised area on or above a condyle
ischium
rough projection that supports body weight when sitting
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
condyle
rounded, articular projection
disphysis
scientific term for bone shaft
fossa
shallow depression
spine
sharp, slender process - site of muscle and ligament attachment
tibia
shinbone
sphenoid
single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor
red marrow
site of blood cell formation
temporal
site of mastoid process
lacuna
site of osteocytes
gluteal tuberosity and greater and lesser trochanters
sites of muscle attachments on the proximal femur
hyoid
small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach
trochlea
small bump on the humerus, often called the funny bone
tubercle
small rounded projection
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
talus
tarsal bone that sits on the calcaneus and that articulates with the tibia
acromion
the lateral end of the spine of the scapula; clavicle articulation site
vomer and ethmoid
two bones that form the nasal septum
endosteum and peristeum
two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells
phalanx
A single finger bone is called a _________________.
The proliferation and hypertrophic zones would be most affected as this is where mitosis and enlargement of the chondrocytes occur.
Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which bones do you think would be most affected by this disorder and why?
right leg
Are the bones of the leg shown from the left or right leg?
yes
Are the same skull seen in the adult also found in the fetal skull?
intervertebral discs flatten
As we age, we become shorter. Explain why?
organic materials
Baking removes ____________ from bone.
provide hardness and strength and resisi compression
Calcium salts form bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salt?
cartilage being replaced by bone
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Diaphyseal Plate:
contains resisting cartilage cells that are relatively inactive
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal Plate:
sacrum
Composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally
complicate brain development
Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fontanelles is replaced by bone prematurely. Discuss the ramifications of this early closure:
exits through ventral cavity
Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column:
breaking carpal bones are most likely
Describe some of the features of the female pelvis that provide for compatibility with vaginal birth:
true rib has its own cartilage attachment, false shares
Differentiate between a true rib and false rib:
phalanges
Each hand has five finger bones, called ______________.
anterior shows us which position
Explain how you can tell which side of the body they are from:
face is smaller
How does the size of the fetal face compare to its cranium?
growth happens and gets proportionate
How the size of the fetal face compared to its cranium, compare to the adult skull?
Bones lack mineral components of healthy bone, they would therefore resemble bones soaked in acid.
In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone most closely resembles the bones of a child with rickets? Why?
false
Is a floating rib a true or false rib?
calcium salts
Soaking bone in acid removes ____________.
clavicle and scapula
The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _______________________.
long
The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
ribs and sternum
The major bony compartments of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ___________.
Fibrocartilage for outer and osteoblasts for inner layer of periosteum
The pain in the leg is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum, Considering the type of tissue found in periosteum, which cells do yo think would be most involved>
radius and ulna
The two bones of the forearm are the: ____________________.
humerous
The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the ____________________.
they can break apart
The xiphoid process of often missing from the sternum in bone collections, Hypothesize why it might be missing:
tibia is heavier
Your X-ray exam reveals that you have fractured your fibula. Your physician remarks "Well, it's better than breaking your tibia". Explain why a fracture of the tibia bone would be worse than a fracture of the fibula?
deltoid tuberosity
a roughened area about midway down the shaft of the lateral humerus; site of attachment of the deltoid muscle
zygomatic
cheekbone
medullary cavity
contains yellow bone marrow in adult bones
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
fuse to form the hip bone
epiphyseal line
growth plate remnant
occipital
has condyles that articulate with the atlas
articular cartilage
helps reduce friction at joints
coracoid process
hook like process; biceps brachii attachment site
head
structure supported on neck - take part in joint formation
vertebral arch and body
structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord
lamina and pedicle
structures that form the vertebral arch
ethmoid
superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections
iliac crest
superior-most margin of the hip bone
atlas
supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles
ulnar notch
surface on the radius that receives the head of the ulna
radial touch
surface on the ulna that receives the head of the radius
fibula
thin lateral leg bone
lacrimal
tiny bones bearing tear ducts
canalicali
tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon
thoracic vertebra
transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous process points sharply downward
cervical vertebra - typical
vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain
tibia
weight-bearing bone of the leg
body
weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
temporal and parietal bones
what bones are connected by the squamous suture?
inverted cone shape
what is the general shape of the thoracic cage?