Review Sheets 8, 9, & 10 - Quiz 4

coccyx

"tailbone" fused vertebrae

fibrocartilage

- between the vertebrae - meniscus in a knee joint - most effective at resisting compression

Parietal bone (cranial bone)

- flat - axial skeleton

Sternum

- flat - axial skeleton

pectoral

- flexibility most important - lightweight - insecure axial and limb attachments

hyaline cartilage

- forms the walls of the voice box - articular cartilages - connects the ribs to the sternum - most abundant

Vertebra

- irregular - axial skeleton

Phalanx (single bone of a digit)

- long - appendicular skeleton

Radius

- long - appendicular skeleton

Calcaneus (tarsal bone)

- short - appendicular skeleton

elastic cartilage

- supports the external ear - the epiglottis - most springy and flexible

pelvic

- weight-bearing most important - secure axial and limb attachments - massive

true pelvis is surrounded by bone

Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis:

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid - produce mucus and moisturize inside of nose.

List the bones that have sinuses, and give two possible functions of the sinuses.

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

List the distal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial:

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrim, pisiform

List the proximal rows of wrist bones from lateral to medial:

frontal bone, right/left parietal bones, right/left temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone.

Name the eight bones of the cranium:

cell, collagen, fibers, and ground substance

Name the important organic bone components.

ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna

Name the two bone markings that form the distal radioulnar joint:

ulnar radial joint and annular ligament

Name the two bone markings that form the proximal radioulnar joint:

discs and s-shaped vertebral column

Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column:

carpals

The ________ are the wrist bones.

metacarpals

The ________ form the palm of the hand, and the heads of these bones form knuckles.

baby can hold head up and baby begins to walk

Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?

those are ossification centers

What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones?

occipital bone and parietal

What bones are connected by the lambdoid?

maxilla, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, palatine

What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?

eye socket

What is a bony orbit?

fibrous membrane between bones of fetus skull

What is a fontenelle?

ruptured discs

What is a herniated disc?

ossify and become bone

What is fate?

to be compressed at birth

What is the function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull?

provides mechanical strength/flexibility

What is the main function of the organic matrix in bone?

fibrocartilage

What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?

might rupture nerve; pain

What problems might a ruptured disc cause?

thoracic and sacral

Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth?

articulates with all of the other cranial bones

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?

temporal joint

With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception:

sinus

air-filled cavity

tarsals

ankle bones

coronoid fossa

anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when bending at the elbow.

maxilla

anterior part of hard palate

ramus

armlike projection

metatarsals

bones forming the instep of the foot

process

bony projection

nasal

bridge of the nose

meatus

canal-like structure

vertebral arch

cavity enclosing the spinal cord

acetabulum

deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

axis

dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)

glenoid cavity

depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus

epiphysis

end portion of a long bone

Suture

fibrous joints between skull bones

frontal

forms the anterior cranium

inferior nasal concha

forms the most inferior turbinate

sacroiliac joint

joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

patella

kneecap

tuberosity

large rounded projection

trochanter

large, irregularly shaped projection

calcaneous

largest tarsal bone

lateral melleolus

lateral ankle prjection

capitulum

lateral rounded knob on the distal humerus

lamella

layer of bony matrix around a central canal

femur

longest and strongest bone in the body

central canal

longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

lumbar vertebra

massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining

medial malleolus

medial ankle projection

medial epichondyle

medial condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna

parietal

much of the lateral and superior cranium

crest

narrow ridge bone

fissure

narrow slitlike opening - a passageway for nerves or blood vessels

lesser sciatic notch

notch located inferior to the ischial spine

obturator foramen

opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

intervertebral foramina

openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

temporal

organ of hearing found here

greater sciatic notch

permits passage of the sciatic nerve

pubic symphysis

point where the hip bones join anteriorly

tibial tuberosity

point where the patellar ligament attaches

palatine

posterior bones of the hard plate

olecranon fossa

posterior depression on the distal humerus

transverse process and body

provide an articulation point for the ribs

spinous process and transverse process

provide levers against which muscles pull

epicondye

raised area on or above a condyle

ischium

rough projection that supports body weight when sitting

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

condyle

rounded, articular projection

disphysis

scientific term for bone shaft

fossa

shallow depression

spine

sharp, slender process - site of muscle and ligament attachment

tibia

shinbone

sphenoid

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

red marrow

site of blood cell formation

temporal

site of mastoid process

lacuna

site of osteocytes

gluteal tuberosity and greater and lesser trochanters

sites of muscle attachments on the proximal femur

hyoid

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

trochlea

small bump on the humerus, often called the funny bone

tubercle

small rounded projection

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

talus

tarsal bone that sits on the calcaneus and that articulates with the tibia

acromion

the lateral end of the spine of the scapula; clavicle articulation site

vomer and ethmoid

two bones that form the nasal septum

endosteum and peristeum

two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells

phalanx

A single finger bone is called a _________________.

The proliferation and hypertrophic zones would be most affected as this is where mitosis and enlargement of the chondrocytes occur.

Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which bones do you think would be most affected by this disorder and why?

right leg

Are the bones of the leg shown from the left or right leg?

yes

Are the same skull seen in the adult also found in the fetal skull?

intervertebral discs flatten

As we age, we become shorter. Explain why?

organic materials

Baking removes ____________ from bone.

provide hardness and strength and resisi compression

Calcium salts form bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salt?

cartilage being replaced by bone

Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Diaphyseal Plate:

contains resisting cartilage cells that are relatively inactive

Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal Plate:

sacrum

Composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally

complicate brain development

Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fontanelles is replaced by bone prematurely. Discuss the ramifications of this early closure:

exits through ventral cavity

Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column:

breaking carpal bones are most likely

Describe some of the features of the female pelvis that provide for compatibility with vaginal birth:

true rib has its own cartilage attachment, false shares

Differentiate between a true rib and false rib:

phalanges

Each hand has five finger bones, called ______________.

anterior shows us which position

Explain how you can tell which side of the body they are from:

face is smaller

How does the size of the fetal face compare to its cranium?

growth happens and gets proportionate

How the size of the fetal face compared to its cranium, compare to the adult skull?

Bones lack mineral components of healthy bone, they would therefore resemble bones soaked in acid.

In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone most closely resembles the bones of a child with rickets? Why?

false

Is a floating rib a true or false rib?

calcium salts

Soaking bone in acid removes ____________.

clavicle and scapula

The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _______________________.

long

The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?

ribs and sternum

The major bony compartments of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ___________.

Fibrocartilage for outer and osteoblasts for inner layer of periosteum

The pain in the leg is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum, Considering the type of tissue found in periosteum, which cells do yo think would be most involved>

radius and ulna

The two bones of the forearm are the: ____________________.

humerous

The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the ____________________.

they can break apart

The xiphoid process of often missing from the sternum in bone collections, Hypothesize why it might be missing:

tibia is heavier

Your X-ray exam reveals that you have fractured your fibula. Your physician remarks "Well, it's better than breaking your tibia". Explain why a fracture of the tibia bone would be worse than a fracture of the fibula?

deltoid tuberosity

a roughened area about midway down the shaft of the lateral humerus; site of attachment of the deltoid muscle

zygomatic

cheekbone

medullary cavity

contains yellow bone marrow in adult bones

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

fuse to form the hip bone

epiphyseal line

growth plate remnant

occipital

has condyles that articulate with the atlas

articular cartilage

helps reduce friction at joints

coracoid process

hook like process; biceps brachii attachment site

head

structure supported on neck - take part in joint formation

vertebral arch and body

structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

lamina and pedicle

structures that form the vertebral arch

ethmoid

superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

iliac crest

superior-most margin of the hip bone

atlas

supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

ulnar notch

surface on the radius that receives the head of the ulna

radial touch

surface on the ulna that receives the head of the radius

fibula

thin lateral leg bone

lacrimal

tiny bones bearing tear ducts

canalicali

tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon

thoracic vertebra

transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous process points sharply downward

cervical vertebra - typical

vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain

tibia

weight-bearing bone of the leg

body

weight-bearing portion of the vertebra

temporal and parietal bones

what bones are connected by the squamous suture?

inverted cone shape

what is the general shape of the thoracic cage?