Public Speaking Final

Why should there be only one distinct idea in a specific purpose statement?

So as not to confuse the audience of what your topic is.

Involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines?

Sound ethical decisions

Name some attention strategies.

A startling statement, a rhetorical question, a reference to the occasion, a quotation, or a personal narrative. (People pay attention to things that affect them directly.)

The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120- 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute).

Spare "brain time"

Regardless of your topic, a speech usually has three main parts--what are they?

An introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Analogical reasoning

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Stereotyping; for example, when a child is taught to stay away from strangers.

What is the most important thing to know about Wikipedia?

That it can be a good place to start learning about a topic, but it is not a good place to end.

What is the primary value of academic journal articles?

That such articles are reviewed by experts in the field.

A single sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

The Central Idea

What makes a public speaker more proficient?

The ability to adapt to listeners feedback.

When orally citing material from a book what information should you supply?

The authors name, the title of the book, and when it was published.

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

The bandwagon fallacy

In a question of policy speech, what is the first basic issue?

The first basic issue is need: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

The broad goal of a speech.

The general purpose

What does the preview statement in the introduction of a speech identify?

The main points to be discussed in the body.

What is the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest?

The median

What is visualization?

The mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself/herself giving a successful presentation.

What is the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers?

The mode

When orally citing material from a periodical, what info should you provide for it?

The name of the periodical, its date, and the author.

What is Pathos?

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as an emotional appeal.

What is the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy?

The plan of solution: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

In what outline should you state the main points and subpoints in full sentences?

The preparation outline; this will ensure you develop your ideas fully.

_______________ is what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.

The residual message; it is what the listener takes away from the speech.

____________________ of a speech is the single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

The specific purpose

What should the preparation outline include?

The title, specific purpose, central idea, intro, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

What is testimony?

The written or spoken word. Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

What are visual aids used for?

To clarify statistics

What is the main value of statistics?

To give you ideas numerical precision.

What are 3 common general purposes?

To inform, to persuade, and to motivate

What can examples be used for?

To reinforce and personalize your ideas.

What does critical thinking refer to?

To the focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Topical order

What patterns are most informative speeches organized using?

Topical, spatial, causal, or chronological.

An audience member may have a positive, negative, or neutral disposition toward what?

Toward the speaker and/or occasion

In the preparation outline, what three other things should you label?

Transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Transitions; they serve as bridges to connect different elements of a communication.

Listeners should avoid prejudging the speaker. This doesn't mean that you must agree with the speaker.

True

Once you know the date of the document, you can determine whether it is current enough to use in your speech. This is especially important with regard to statistics, which you should never cite from an undated source, whether in print or on the Internet.

True

T/F Google is a search engine that searches all material openly available on the web.

True

T/F Listeners have ethical obligations.

True

A specific purpose should be written as a full infinitive phrase.

True, and not as a fragment. Ineffective: 3-D technology Effective: To inform my audience about the three major kinds of current 3-D technology.

In public speaking how many channels are used and what are they?

Visual and auditory

_________ occur when a speaker fill the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

Vocalized pauses

What is the biggest mistake students make when faced with a research project?

Waiting too long to get started.

When should you only display visual aids?

When you are discussing them

Careful listeners are skeptical listeners. What do they usually want to know?

Where the speaker's information comes from and why they should accept it.

What is the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy?

Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

What do you need to know if you are wanting to employ PowerPoint effectively?

You need a clear idea of exactly why, how, and when to use it. Rather than putting everything you say on screen for the audience to read, you need to choose which aspects of your speech to illustrate. This requires careful planning.

When orally citing a website, what information should you provide?

You should definitely provide the date it was last updated, author, and credibility.

What doesn't work in gaining the audiences attention?

Asking a yes or no question.

What are the five steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

Attention (get their attention by relating it to them) Need (make them feel a need for change) Satisfaction (after arousing a sense of need, satisfy w/solution) Visualization (use vivid imagery to make your plan real) Action (tell them what they can do and how they can do it)

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Audience centered

How are public speaking and conversations similar?

Because both require organization and audience awareness.

Why is it not effective to express your specific purpose statement as a question?

Because it gives no indication about what direction the speech will take or what the speaker hopes to accomplish.

Why should you always use statistics sparingly?

Because most audiences can be overwhelmed with a barrage of statistics.

What does being ethical mean?

Behaving ethically all the time, not only when it's convenient.

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

Brainstorming

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Burden of proof

What is positive nervousness or eustress?

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

Conversational quality

What involves evaluation of the logic and evidence within a message?

Critical thinking

The term used to describe supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Evidence

What are the two major elements of logos?

Evidence and reasoning

What are the three major divisions of evidence used in speech?

Examples, statistics, and testimony

______ ______ is produced by an expert in the field.

Expert testimony

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Extemporaneous

When developing your first speech, plan what you want to say, organize the material clearly, practice thoroughly, and use the _____________________ method of delivery. You may be surprised at how much you enjoy the experience.

Extemporaneous speech; a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

What are messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker called?

Feedback

What is the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes?

Frame of reference, no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Listeners should be courteous and attentive. How?

Giving full attention by looking and listening.

What is active listening?

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

__________ is the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind. How is this established?

Goodwill; this is established by the appearance of the speaker, the attitude of the speaker, and the speaker's opening statements.

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is INVOLUNTARY, because anyone that isn't deaf will hear whether they want to or not. Listening is VOLUNTARY, because people can choose not listen to what you have to say.

_________ must be used carefully to avoid offending or insulting the audience. Poorly used, a ___________ attention strategy can destroy the credibility of the speaker.

Humor; humorous

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

Identification

What should you always do when using statistics?

Identify the source of your statistics and the method of determining results or conclusions.

How can you enhance your use of evidence?

If you use specific evidence, you use novel evidence, you use evidence from credible sources, and you clearly indicate the point of your evidence.

A speech delivered with little or no preparation.

Impromptu

Interference can be internal and external, explain.

In one's mind or from the environment or surroundings.

Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.

Ineffective: To persuade my audience that something should be done about unsafe school buses. More ineffective: To persuade my audience that the federal government should impose stronger safety standards for school buses in the United States.

Avoid Figurative Language in your purpose statement. Give an effective and ineffective example.

Ineffective: To persuade my audience that the campus policy on student parking really stinks. Effective: To persuade my audience that the campus policy on student parking should be revised to provide more spaces for students before 5 pm.

An audience member's disposition toward the topic is influenced by what?

Interest, knowledge, and attitude

Focusing on a speaker's delivery or personal appearance is one of the major sources of _____________ in the speech communication process, and it is something we always need to guard against.

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message is called what?

Interference or noise

Statistics are numerical data. What is one of the most important considerations when using statistics as evidence?

Is to what degree are the statistics representative.

What is one of the advantages for using the internet for research?

It often has more recent information than you can find in print sources.

Making meaning out of the sounds our ears receive. ______ is psychological and voluntary.

Listening

What is the rate at which we forget things??

Listening involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. Even when we think we are listening carefully we usually grasp only 50 percent of what we hear. After 24 hours we can remember only 10 percent of the original message. It's little wonder that listening has been called a lost art.

What is listening?

Listening involves paying close attention to, thinking, and making sense of, what we hear.

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.

Logos and the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

A database is a collection of material. Most databases require a subscription in order to access the contents. As students at MGCCC, you have access to databases to which the college has subscribed. What are some of those databases?

MAGNOLIA, SIRS Researcher, and Opposing Viewpoints

The Modern Language Association

MLA; it refers to one method of formatting and citing sources.

What is the average number of a group of numbers?

Mean aka average

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

What is normal in public speaking situations?

Nervousness

Does not listening mean that we don't hear?

No, because hearing is a 'physiological' process, involving the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses from the inner ear to the central auditory system of the brain.

What should you not do with visual aids?

Pass them around an audience

______________ is the testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Peer testimony

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Persuasion

_________ is a psychological process.

Persuasion

What should you always do with your visual aids before you present?

Practice with them and make sure they work where you will be presenting.

What is the key element for successful public speaking?

Preparation

What is plagiarism?

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.

Why do you think that listening is considered a lost art?

Probably because in order to listen you have to be able to think, and people are so busy watching TV and spending their time doing mindless activities that they have forgotten how to THINK. You can't listen without being able to think.

Competent or skilled in doing something.

Proficient

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

Pronunciation

What is it called to quote a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it? Why is it unethical?

Quoting out of context; it is unethical because it is misleading, either deliberately or carelessly.

What can you do to listen more efficiently?

Rather than trying to remember everything a speaker says, efficient listeners usually concentrate on main points and evidence.

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Reasoning

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Reasoning from principle 1. The U.S. Constitution guarantees that all U.S. citizens be treated equal. 2. LGBTQ are U.S. citizens. 3. Therefore, the U.S. Constitution guarantees LGBTQ citizens be treated equal.

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Reasoning from specific instances

What is stage fright?

Refers to the anxiety produced by the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

What should you do if you cannot find the date on which a Web document was created or last modified?

Search for another work whose recency you can verify.

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech.

Signpost, generally this is a cue that the speaker is about to conclude and also focuses attention on the key ideas.

Focuses on factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion.

Situational audience analysis

In research, ___________ is a summary of a magazine or journal article, usually written by someone other than the original author.

an abstract

What are the four categories of listening?

appreciative empathetic comprehensive critical

Examples may be _____ or _______, ______ or ______.

brief or extended, real or hypothetical

Explain visual aids ________ and ________.

clearly and concisely

Always use testimony from _______ and ________ sources. The source must be ________ and _______.

qualified and appropriate sources unbiased and credible

When conducting research, you should use the _____ format for all your research notes, whether they come from Internet sources, library documents, or personal interviews. What else is important?

same; subject headings

A ____________ is brief and used to deliver the speech.

speaking outline

In evaluating internet sources, it is important to identify the author of any material you are using and _____________________.

understand why the author is a credible source.

Talk to your audience, not _____________.

your visual aids

What is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs?

Ethics

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Ethnocentrism

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Ethos

Jumping to conclusions is an example of what?

*A poor listening habit. One form of jumping to conclusions is putting words into a speaker's mouth. *Because we're so sure we know what they mean, we don't listen to what they actually say.

It is important to ask yourself if your specific purpose is...

*Is it an accurate representation of your purpose and the scope of your speech? *Does my purpose meet the assignment criteria? *Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? *Is the purpose relevant to my audience? *Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? *Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

What is another way of jumping to conclusions?

*Prematurely rejecting a speaker's ideas as boring or misguided. *Why would that be a mistake? -Nearly every speech has something to offer you--whether it be information, point of view, or technique. You are cheating yourself if you prejudge and choose not to listen.

Presenting your speech.

*Starting your speech- walk up there, assume a relaxed but upright posture, take a moment to look over your audience, smile, this will help you establish rapport with your classmates from the start. *Gestures are fine, just don't distract. *Eye contact- look at them as often as you can. You know how much more impressive a speaker is when she or he looks at the audience while speaking. You can always look to the left or the right of a person to ease nerves. *Voice- try to use your voice expressively as you would in normal conversation. *Dealing with nerves- counter every negative thought with a positive one.

Why is focusing on delivery and personal appearance not a normal nor acceptable listening habit?

-This is actually a common problem. -Sometimes we judge people by the way they look or speak and don't listen to what they say. -The message is what's important.

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

A slippery slope fallacy

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

A speaking outline

Name 10 bad listening habits:

1. Giving in to mental distractions 2. Giving in to physical distractions 3. Trying to recall everything a speaker says 4. Rejecting a topic as uninteresting before hearing the speaker 5. Fake paying attention 6. Jumping to conclusions about a speaker's meaning 7. Deciding a speaker is wrong before hearing everything she or he has to say 8. Judging a speaker on personal appearance 9. Not paying attention to a speaker's evidence 10. Focusing on delivery rather than on what the speaker says

What are the three steps of a question of policy speech?

1. Need 2. Plan 3. Practicality

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.

A bibliography or works cited page

What is a extemporaneous speech?

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

What is the preparation outline?

A complete blueprint of a speech.

In the preparation outline what should you use?

A consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.

An error in reasoning.

A fallacy

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the sound.

A false cause

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

A hasty generalization. (ex. All military leaders make excellent presidents based on Washington, Jackson, and Eisenhower)

What kind of example describes an imaginary or fictious situation? Is it ethical?

A hypothetical example. It is ethical and useful in speech as long as it has the true potential to represent reality.

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. Certain speeches such as the State of the Union, must be delivered this way. For most occasions, speakers, and audiences, manuscript speeches are not desirable.

A manuscript speech

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

A metaphor; DOESN'T use like/as (is implied not explained)

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

A preliminary bibliography

___________ is concerned with the truth or falsity of an of an assertion.

A question of fact speech

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

A question of policy

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

A question of value speech

What should you always identify the source of?

A quote or paraphrase.

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

A red herring

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

A simile; uses like/as (explicit-explain)

The American Psychological Association

APA; it is one method of formatting and citing sources.

Words that refer to concepts or ideas.

Abstract words (utopia)

There are many methods of formatting and citing information in research. __________ ________ use specific documentation systems.

Academic disciplines

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

Active listening

Fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

An ad hominem fallacy

Assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

An appeal to tradition fallacy (The New Star Wars movies-judge me lol)

What should listeners encourage as far as speaking atmosphere is concerned?

An atmosphere that maintains free and open expression of ideas.

What must the introduction of an informative speech include?

An attention strategy,credibility statement, reveal the topic, relevance statement, and preview of main points.

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

An either-or fallacy

________ is a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, or experiences or the like.

An example

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or point.

An internal summary

What is used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves?

Call number

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Causal reasoning (Ice and broken arm)

What is the means by which a message is communicated?

Channel

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Chronological order

When orally citing a journal article, what information should you supply?

Cite the name of the journal, the name of the article, the name of the author, and the publication date.

A trite or overused expression.

Cliche

Discourse that uses too many words.

Clutter

Words that refer to tangible objects.

Concrete words

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. (terrorists)

Connotative meaning

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Demographic audience analysis; demographic qualities can be named or identified and counted.

The literal meaning or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.

Denotative meaning

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech. Poor grammar, poor pronunciation, inappropriate attire can all weaken or destroy credibility.

Derived credibility

Give an example of problem-cause-solution order.

Each is one of the main points: Problem: Alzheimer's Cause: (Borrelia burgdorferi) Solution: awareness dedication focus time/$$

The tendency of people to be concerned with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Egocentrism