Chapter 17 and 21 APES Questions

Infectious Disease

disease caused when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues. An example is malaria.

Acute Effect

Immediate or rapid

Toxicity

Measure of how harmful a substance is.

Chronic Effect

Permanent or long-lasting

Which activity is the least desirable from an environmental standpoint?

Recycling

Dose-Response Curve-- Median lethal dose (LD50)

The dosage of a specific chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test group. Toxicologists use this methods to ......

In 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed that in determining any risk, regulators should assume children have ____ times the exposure risk of adults to cancer-causing chemicals.

10

In determining how much risk an individual is willing to accept, for most people, a one in ____ chance of dying or suffering serious harm from exposure to an environmental hazard is a threshold for changing their behavior

100,000

Analysis of Umbilical Cord Blood

180 chemicals found that cause cancers....

The recycling and composting rate of U.S. municipal solid waste is about ____.

24%

Hazardous waste includes radioactive wastes, which need to be stored safely for as long as ____.

240,000 years

About one in every ____ people infected with HIV is not aware of the infection.

5

A person experiencing liver damage after a lifetime of alcohol abuse is illustrating ____.

A chronic effect

What is a transmissible disease?

A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.

Emergent Disease

A disease that is new to the population.

Dose

Amount of a potential harmful substance an individual ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin.

Response

Amount of health damage caused by exposure to a certain dose of a harmful substance or form of radiation. See dose, dose-response curve, median lethal dose.

A person experiencing dizziness after using a strong household cleaner is illustrating ____.

An acute effect

Epidemic

An epidemic is a large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country while a pandemic is a global epidemic.

Pandemic

An epidemic is a large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country while a pandemic is a global epidemic.

We risk falling behind in our efforts to prevent infectious bacterial diseases with the use of antibiotics because of the ____.

Astounding reproductive rates of bacteria.

Tuberculosis is caused by ____.

Bacteria

In an integrated waste management approach to solid waste, which action would be given last priority?

Bury

Polluting factories, hazardous waste dumps, incinerators, and landfills in the U.S. are located least in communities populated by ____.

Caucasians

Teratogens ____.

Cause birth defects

Malaria is caused by...

Certain types of mosquitos

Mutagens

Chemical or form of radiation that causes inheritable changes (mutations) in the DNA molecules in the genes found in chromosomes. See carcinogen, mutation, teratogen.

Toxic Chemical

Chemical that is fatal to humans in low doses or fatal to more than 50% of test animals at stated concentrations. Most are neurotoxins, which attack nerve cells. See carcinogen, hazardous chemical, mutagen, teratogen.

Teratogens

Chemical, ionizing agent, or virus that causes birth defects. Compare carcinogen, mutagen.

Carcinogens

Chemicals, ionizing radiation, and viruses that cause or promote the development of cancer.

Which material would not be dumped in the compost pile?

Chicken bones

For recycling to be successful, three steps must be applied consistently. The three steps, in order of application, are ____.

Collecting recyclables, converting recyclables, buying/selling recyclables.

One characteristic of waste-to-energy incineration is that it ____.

Concentrates hazardous substances into ash.

One characteristic of waste-to-energy incineration is that...?

Concentrates hazardous substances into ash.

Which is least characteristic of hazardous waste?

Conductivity

Which method is not used to detoxify hazardous and toxic wastes?

Crushing and grinding

Which of the following is a non-transmissible disease?

Diabetes

Hayat Sindi is a scientist who co-founded a nonprofit marketing company called ____ to bring low-cost health monitoring to remote, poor areas of the world.

Diagnostics for all

Transmissible Disease

Disease caused by living organisms (such as bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms) that can spread from one person to another by air, water, food, or body fluids (or in some cases by insects or other organisms). Compare nontransmissible disease.

Non-Transmissible Disease

Disease that is not caused by living organisms and does not spread from one person to another. Examples are most cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and malnutrition. Compare transmissible disease.

What term refers to the amount of a substance a person ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin?

Dose

Which of the following is considered a natural hazard?

Earthquakes

Which principle about the transition to a low-waste society is false?

Economic growths and free markets reduce waste

A complex network of glands that release tiny amounts of hormones into the bloodstream of humans and other vertebrate animals is the ____.

Endocrine system

Research going back three decades shows that ____ causes people to overestimate risks and to worry more about unusual risks than they do about common everyday risks.

Fear

Outputs of hazardous waste can be reduced by relying less on ____ and more on ____.

Fossil fuels, renewable energy

Dry cell batteries and household pesticides are classified as ____.

Hazardous Waste

Research indicates that the BPA in plastics can leach into water or food when the plastic is ____.

Heated to high tempreature

E-waste can be recycled to extract ____.

High quality plastics

DDT, PCBs, atrazine, bisphenol-A, and phthalates are all examples of ____.

Hormonally active agents

About one-third of the toxic metal, mercury (Hg), is released into the air from natural sources, such as rocks, soil, volcanoes, and the ocean. The remaining two-thirds comes from ____.

Human activity

At the checkout counter, an environmentalist is most likely to say, "____."

I brought my own bag

A more sustainable approach to hazardous waste management is least likely to involve ____.

Implementing a cap and trade system

One advantage of bioremediation over physical and chemical methods of cleaning up hazardous wastes is that ____.

It is cheaper

What is the most common method of storage of hazardous wastes used in most countries of the world?

Land burial

Which one of the following is one of the top five toxic substances in terms of human and environmental health?

Lead

Toxicity is rated according to the amount of a substance that is necessary to kill 50% of humans, given in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. A rating of supertoxic has an LD50 of ____.

Less than 5mg/kg

About half of the people with active tuberculosis will die from destruction of their ____.

Lung tissue

Since 1970, the occurrence of malaria has come roaring back in prevalence. Why?

Malaria-carrying species of mosquito that have become resistant to insecticides.

The West Nile virus is transmitted to humans by ____.

Mosquitos

Waste that includes paper, food wastes, cans, bottles, yard waste, glass, wood, and similar items is called ____.

Municipal solid waste

Natural and synthetic chemicals in the environment that can harm the human nervous system are called ____.

Neurotoxins

What is an example of an organic contaminant?

Oil

Pathogen

Organism that produces disease.

A global outbreak of an infectious disease is called a(n)

Pandemic

What term refers to a substance's resistance to breakdown?

Persistence

What are chemicals used to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic found in a variety of products, such as detergents, cosmetics, body lotions, soft vinyl toys, and shower curtains?

Phthalates

Filtration and distillation are ____ methods for detoxifying hazardous waste.

Physical

Which material takes the longest to break down?

Plastic Bottles

Dose Response Curve

Plot of data showing the effects of various dose of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms.

Consumers of recycled products are most effective when they maximize the amount of ____ waste in the products they buy.

Post-consumer

The majority of recyclable wastes are ____.

Pre-consumers and generated by users of the product

Risk Assessment

Process of gathering data and making assumptions to estimate short- and long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment from exposure to hazards associated with the use of a particular product or technology. See risk-benefit analysis.

Which strategy would be least effective for industry and communities in their efforts to reduce resource use, waste, and pollution?

Redesign Landfills

The ____ is used in the U.S. to regulate hazardous waste.

Resource and Conservation Recovery Act

What term that is given to the health damage that occurs from exposure to a chemical or other agent?

Response

Much of the e-waste in the United States not buried or burned is ____.

Shipped to Asia and Africa

____ are lined ponds, pits, or lagoons where liquid hazardous wastes are stored.

Surface Impoundments

In terms of death rates, what are the world's four most serious diseases?

The four most serous infectious diseases are pneumonia and flu (3.2 million), HIV/AIDS (2.0 million), Tuberculosis (1.88 million), and diarrheal diseases (1.6 million)

Risk

The probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage is referred to as ____.

Toxicology

The study of harmful effects like: Dose Age Genetic Makeup Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) Solubility Persistence Biomagnification

Which statement about "bottle bills" is true?

They require a deposit for every bottled purchased and refund the deposit when the bottle is returned.

What is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and other organisms?

Toxicology

Ecological medicine is a new interdisciplinary field devoted to ____.

Tracking down disease connections between animals and humans

Garbologists have discovered that trash in landfills is slow to decompose. Why is this?

Trash is compacted so tightly that sunlight, water, and air are unable to reach it.

The world's largest producer of municipal solid waste (MSW) is ____.

United States

Which industrialized nation has refused to sign the International Basel Convention to reduce and/or control movement of hazardous e-waste across international boundaries?

United States

Which of the following is considered a cultural hazard?

Unsafe working conditions

Risk Management

Using risk assessment and other information to determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks. See risk, risk analysis, risk-benefit analysis, risk communication.

One way to deal with the creation of solid wastes begins with the question "How can we avoid producing so much solid waste?" This approach is called ____.

Waste reduction

What is an advantage of deep-well disposal of liquid hazardous wastes?

Wastes can often be retrieved.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ____ people face health problems because of undernutrition and another ____ people face health problems because of overnutrition.

1 billion, 1.6 billion