Chapter 17 APHY 102

Indicate which of the following organs are part of the alimentary canal and which are accessory organs of the digestive system.

-Alimentary: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. -Accessory: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

What are the functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

-Breaks down glycogen to glucose. -Polymerizes glucose to glycogen. -Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose.

What are the effects of sympathetic impulses on the digestive system?

-Decreases secretions. -Decreases peristalsis.

What are the functions of the tongue?

-Mix food with saliva during chewing. -Move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing.

Match the enzyme with the source that secretes the enzyme.

-Pancreas: pancreatic lipase, trypsin, nucleases. -Gastric Chief Cells: pepsin. -Intestinal Mucosal Cells: sucrase, intestinal lipase, peptidase.

Place the parts of the colon in order as food moves through.

1- Ascending colon 2- Transverse colon 3- Descending colon 4- Sigmoid colon

Place the following structures in the correct order through which undigested material would pass.

1- Cecum 2- Colon 3- Rectum 4- Anal Canal

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

1- Duodenum 2- Jejunum 3- Ileum

Place in order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting from the inside (deepest) layer.

1- Mucosa 2- Submucosa 3- Muscularis Externa 4- Serosa

What is the function of teeth?

Begin mechanical digestion.

The liquid that is created and secreted by the liver to help with lipid digestion is ________.

Bile

Stomach function is regulated in three phases: the ________ phase, the ________ phase, and the ________ phase.

Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.

The ________ , forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consist of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium.

Cheeks

Enzymes breaking down nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine is an example of what type of digestion?

Chemical digestion

When bacteria erodes enamel, the dentin can be expose. What is this condition called?

Dental caries

The alimentary canal and accessory organs are part of the ________ system.

Digestive

What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?

Esophagus and pharynx

The storage and concentration of bile between meals is the function of the ________.

Gallbladder

Which are functions of the oral cavity?

Ingestion, chemical digestion and mastication

Nasopharynx

It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.

The names of two major lobes of the liver are the ________ and ________ lobes.

Left and Right

The ________ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

Lips

Hepat-

Liver

The ________ is the organ that oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and also converts portions of carbohydrates and protein molecules into fats.

Liver

Where is bile produced?

Liver

Which digestive process occurs in the oral cavity?

Mastication

The physical breakdown of food into similar particles (by processing such as chewing and segmentation) is known as ________ digestion.

Mechanical

What are two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

Mixing and propelling movements.

The ________ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

Pancreas

The wavelike set of muscular contractions within the digestive tract that helps to propel contents along is called ________.

Peristalsis

Where is the pharynx located?

Posterior to the oral cavity.

Where is the pancreas located?

Posterior to the parietal peritoneum and the stomach.

Oropharynx

Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity.

The ________ intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver. It also completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme and absorbs the products of digestion.

Small

Gastr-

Stomach

Name the J-shaped, pouch like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

Stomach

What are the three major salivary glands?

Submandibular, Parotid, and Sublingual

The alimentary canal of the digestive system(s) is controlled by which nervous system?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called ________.

Teeth

Larynogopharynx

The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus.

What is the lumen?

The opening in the digestive tract that food passes through.

What part of the tooth is the root?

The part of the tooth below the gumline.

What part of the tooth is the crown?

The part of the tooth extending above the gumline.

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the ________.

Tongue

The sympathetic nervous system ________ propelling and mixing movements in the GI tract, which is the ________ effect by the parasympathetic nervous system.

inhibits; opposite

The laryngopharynx is posterior to the ________ , and immediately inferior to the ________.

larynx; oropharynx

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ________ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ________ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower; raise

The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the _________. This process is a(n) _________ action.

oropharynx; voluntary