Chapter 17 APUSH

Profit and Losses from MX war

+ increased 1/3rd in size. +stimulus to the spirit of Manifest Destiny +field experience for officers in forthcoming conflict. -ugly turning point in relations with US and Latin America -slavery issue in concern Daniel Wilmot fearful of southern slavocracy proposed that slavery not to exist in newly gained MEX territory= passed house but not senate

1840s dispute: Maine boundary --> Aroostook War

- British determined to be build a road westward from seaport Halifax to Quebec.This road would go through Maine's territory under treaty of 1783. -Maine and Canadian lumberjacks entered dispute over Aroostook River Valley. Both included local militia. -1842 London Foreign Office sent Lord Ashtburn to America to compromise with Daniel Webster. -Americans retained 7000 sq miles of 12,000 sq miles in dispute. British gained desired Halifax- Quebec route

*Troublesome British encounters, regarding expansion:

-British travel books ridiculed America: lynching, slave auctioneers, eye gouging,etc... -1837 Caroline Incident -1841 Creole incident

Misunderstandings with MEX

-California 1845 pop: Spanish- Mexicans, Indians, and foreigners (mostly Americans) -Struggle to get Calif because of bad feelings from Mexicans in TX annexation. -Southwestern boundary was on Nueces River, but Texans claimed it was further south in Riod Grande -rumors that Britian was about to seize Calif. -Polk sends John Sidell to MEX city to offer 25$ mil for Calif and territory. Mexicans denied, "insulting" proposition.

Manifest Destiny

-Citizens in the 1840s and 1850s feeling a sense of mission, believed that God had "manifestly" destined American people for a hemispheric career. -Expansionists DEM: Reannexation of TX, Reoccupation of Oregon, all of it.

TEXAS struggles

-Mexico refused to recognize TX independence. Was a province in revolt, to be reconquered in the future. MEX threatened war if Americans would claim it. -TEX always threatened by Mexico, a foe. -Driven to negotiations with France and Britain -1830, 1840 TX had treaties with France, Holland, and Belgium. -Why Britain wanted TX: +stop southward expansion of America +Can be a free- trade are (w/out American tarrifs) -Cotton- producing region in the future= remove dependence from America's south.

James K. Polk

-Reputation: Speaker of HOR 4 years + governor of TN -Sponsored by A. Jackson -"Young Hickory" -Campaign of 1844: Clay vs. Polk -Polk won electoral votes and pop. vote. -Goals: + lowering tariffs--> Sec. of Treasury Robert J. Walker proposed a tarrif-for-revenue bill that reduced Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25% = Walker Tarrif 1846, success in revenue producer. +restoration of independent treasury= success 1846 +acquisition of Calif. and settlement of Oregon (later settled in 49 deg. line, not supported by northwestern (Manif. Dentiny-ers) )

1. President Tyler: Financial Reform

-Whig congress passed a law ending the independent treasury system , Tyler agreed. -Henry Clay proposed a "Fiscal Bank" to Congress, that would establish a new BUS. Tyler vetoed (on practical and constitutional accounts), opposed a centralized. bank -2nd attempt by Whigs: "Fiscal Corporation" ... VETOED again! - DEM= :D -Tariff of 1842- pushed rates down from 1832, 32%

Lame Duck Tyler annexed Texas

-Whigs feared TX would be a slave state. -Because of that, Tyler avoided 2/3 vote in Senate for annexation of TX> Instead, he did a "joint resolutions"= majority votes in both houses of Congress. -1845, TX as 28th state - Angry Mexicans+ danger spot of foreign invaders which threatened ruinous wars.

Oregon Country

-enormous wilderness. -British and US fight for Oregon. Britian had strong claim, portion north of Columbia River (founded by American Robert Gray 1792). -Scattered American and British pioneers lived peacefully in Oregon. -Treaty of 1818, US sought to divide Oregon at the 49th parallel, British unwilling because of Columbia River. -Joint occupation pended future settlement. -1846, 5,000 Americans settled south of Col. River. 700 Britians north of "" River. -Areas of dispute: Col. River, 49th parallel, and Pacific Ocea on the west.

Mastering of MEX and Figthing MEX for Peace

1. Santa Anna proposed that if American squadron let him go back to MEX then he will sell out his countr. Polk agreed, but was tricked because he instead defended his soil. Am. operations in Southwest and in Calif were succesful. Gen. Taylor won victories and in Buena Vista, defeated Santa Anna troops. Gen Winfield Scott made his way to MEX city. 2. Nicolas Trist and Scott arranged for an armistice with Santa Anna at a cost of $10,000. Signed Treaty of Guadalupe 1848: confirmed Am title to TX and yielded an big area westward to ORegon and California. Americans payed $15 mil. -Whigs angered, expansionists (from Manif. Dyn) clamored for all MEX>

*Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842

Americans retained 7000 sq. miles of 12,000 in dispute British got the Halifax- Quebec route

*1837 Caroline Incident

British force attacked American ship on Niagara river, setting it on fire.

*Polk Presidency

COIL: California (gains "") Oregon (settles "" dispute w/ Britain) Independent Treasury (DEM bank) Lowered tariffs (favored by DEM)

*Aroostook War

Conflict between American and Canadian lumberjacks, threatening war. Solution:Webster-Ashburton Treaty

*Election of 1844

James K. Polk (DEM) vs. Clay (Whig)= Polk wins Polk "Young Hickory"- Andrew Jackson's Protege.

*President after WHH

John Tyler. Democrat turned Whig: Hated Jackson, converted, but still had democratic values= conflict with Whigs.

*Lame duck president

President Tyler during election and inauguration between new one.

*1841 Creole Incident

Rebellion of 130 slaves that overturned and captured the American ship they were in. British offered asylum to the slaves. Angered South Am.

*Election of 1840

Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison wins, discouraging plans of Webster and Clay. Dies 30 days after.

*Annexation of Texas by Tyler

annexed by a joint resolution (where majority of vote required in both senate and house of representatives, as opposed to 2/3 vote senate.) 1845, 28th state.

1846 General Zachary Taylor

ordered by Pres Polk to march from Nueces River to Rio Grander river to provoke Mexicans, no response. Polk asked Congress to declare war because of unpaid claims, and Slidells rejection. But on April 25, Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande and attacked Gen Taylor. Further angered, war was declared by Congress. Polk claimed that American blood on soil, but Abe Lincoln asked precisely which spot?