Chapter 17: Blood
What are the three types of formed elements in blood?
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs) - Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs) - Platelets
Decreasing abundance in blood:
- Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas - Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
protection functions of blood: Infection is prevented by...(3)
- antibodies - complement proteins - white blood cells
What are the three functions of blood?
- distributing substances - regulation - protection
Spun tube of blood yields three layers called...
- erythrocytes - leukocytes - plasma
What three components make up blood?
- fluid connective tissue - plasma (non-living fluid matrix) - formed elements (living blood "cells" suspended in plasma)
How many new blood cells are formed each day?
100 billion
Erythrocytes can live only ___ days.
120
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each red blood cell?
250 million
What is the average blood volume in females?
4-5 liters
What is the average amount of red blood cells in females?
4.3-5.2 million cells percubic millimeter
The erythrocytes make up what percentage of blood?
45% (bottom)
What is the average blood volume in males?
5-6 liters
What is the average amount of red blood cells in males?
5.2-5.8 million cells per cubic millimeter
The plasma makes up what percentage of blood?
55% (top)
What percentage of erythrocytes are hemoglobin?
97%
Clinical Connection: - reduced number of RBCs or hemoglobins - accompanied by fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and chill
Anemia
- about 0.5% of all leukocytes - nucleus: usually two lobes - granules secrete histamines - function in inflammation mediation
Basophils
- 1-4% of all WBCs - bilobed nucleus - play roles in ending allergic reactions and fighting parasite infection - granules contain digestive enzymes - attach to parasites, then release enzymes that digest and destroy invader
Eosinophils
percent of blood volume that is erythrocytes
Hematocrit
Erythrocytes are packed with oxygen-carrying ________ proteins.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- 20-45% of WBCs - most important cells of the immune system - nucleus: occupies most of cell volume, stains dark purple - effective in fighting infectious organisms - act against a specific foreign molecule
Lymphocytes
- 4-8% of WBCs - the largest WBCs - contain larger proportion of cytoplasm - nucleus: kidney shaped-Transform into macrophages, leave circulation - phagocytic cells move by amoeboid motion - ingest foreign cells, molecules, and debris
Monocytes
Is plasma a formed element?
NOOOO
_________ of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules gives blood its red color.
Oxidation
Clinical Connection: - inherited condition: mutation forms defective hemoglobin molecule - RBCs distort into a sickle shape - RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels - Poor oxygen delivery; pain
Sickle-Cell Trait and Disease
How long do most formed elements survive in bloodstream?
a few days
Leukemia: - accumulation of cancerous WBCs - interferes with production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets - oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, individual is more susceptible to infection, blood clotting is ________
abnormal
- no visible cytoplasmic granules - lymphocytes and monocytes
agranulocytes
Erythrocytes originate in the bone marrow and expel their organelles before leaving, leaving them (without a nucleus).
anucleate
What is the shape of an erythrocyte?
biconcave, 30% more surface area
begins in the early embryo and continues throughout life
blood cell formation
What is powered by the pumping of the heart?
blood circulation
- light yellow color, sticky fluid portion of blood - approximately 90% water - contains over 100 different molecules
blood plasma
occupies interior of all bones
bone marrow
Erythrocytes face wear and tear on their plasma membranes as they squeeze through __________ (rupture).
capillaries
Red blood cells pick up oxygen at the lung ___________ and deliver oxygen to ______ tissues.
capillaries; active
- squeeze between cells of capillary walls - travel by amoeboid motion to sites of infection
diapedesis: circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries
What cells transport blood gases?
erythrocytes
breakdown products are recycled and used in metabolic processes, including ___________ (formation of new RBCs
erythropoiesis
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry?
four oxygen molecules
- visible cytoplasmic granules - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
granulocytes
Two types of leukocytes:
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Why is hemostasis important?
helps to stop bleeding
process by which all types of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs & platelets) are formed in bone marrow
hematopoiesis
All formed elements start off as (undifferentiated cells).
hematopoietic stem cell
molecules in plasma: sodium (Na+) and chloride (CI-)
ions
Each heme group contains an ____ ion.
iron
The leukocytes and platelets (buffy coat) make up what percentage of blood?
less than 1% (middle)
group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal WBCs multiply uncontrollably
leukemia
- less numerous than RBCs: 4800-11,000/cubic mm - originate and is stored in bone marrow - protect the body from disease - released in large quantities during serious infection - function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue (where infection occurs)
leukocytes
Most blood cells originate in bone ______and do not ______.
marrow; divide
Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, so they can not undergo _______.
mitosis
- most numerous WBC (60%) - phagocytize and destroy bacteria - release anti-bacterial substances - nucleus: 2-6 lobes
neutrophils
Erythrocytes have no _________ or other organelles.
nuclei
The erythrocytes are the most ________ of the formed elements.
numerous
molecules in plasma: sugars, amino acids, lipids, and proteins
nutrients
Each iron ion binds an ______ molecule.
oxygen
Erythrocytes are small ______-transporting cells and are 7.5 ___________ in length.
oxygen; micrometers
distribution functions of blood: - delivering______ and nutrients to body cells - transporting metabolic ______ to lungs and kidneys for elimination - transporting _______ from endocrine organs to target organs
oxygen; wastes; hormones
cellular fragments that aid in blood clotting
platelets
protection functions of blood: Blood loss is prevented when plasma proteins and __________ initiate clot formation.
platelets
Hemoglobin contains four___________ chains (globins) & heme groups (pigment).
polypeptide
dead neutrophils, other WBCs, tissue debris, dead bacteria
pus
actively generates new blood cells
red marrow
The structural characteristics of an erythrocyte contribute to ____________ function.
respiratory
Erythrocytes are destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in the ______ and liver.
spleen
symptoms: (fatigue, cold intolerance, pale skin) and also weight loss, fever, night sweats, excessive bleeding, recurrent infections
symptoms of Anemia
regulation functions of blood: - maintaining body ___________ by absorbing and distributing heat - maintaining normal __ - maintaining adequate fluid ______ in circulatory system
temperature; pH; volume
What happens to ruptured erythrocytes?
they are removed from circulation
In adults, red marrow is located: - between _________ of spongy bone of axial skeleton - girdles (pectoral & pelvic) - proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
trabeculae
molecules in plasma: urea, ammonia, and carbon dioxide (C02)
wastes
What cells provide immunity and are the only complete cells in the formed elements?
white blood cells