Chapter 17: Blood

What are the three types of formed elements in blood?

- Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs) - Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs) - Platelets

Decreasing abundance in blood:

- Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas - Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

protection functions of blood: Infection is prevented by...(3)

- antibodies - complement proteins - white blood cells

What are the three functions of blood?

- distributing substances - regulation - protection

Spun tube of blood yields three layers called...

- erythrocytes - leukocytes - plasma

What three components make up blood?

- fluid connective tissue - plasma (non-living fluid matrix) - formed elements (living blood "cells" suspended in plasma)

How many new blood cells are formed each day?

100 billion

Erythrocytes can live only ___ days.

120

How many hemoglobin molecules are in each red blood cell?

250 million

What is the average blood volume in females?

4-5 liters

What is the average amount of red blood cells in females?

4.3-5.2 million cells percubic millimeter

The erythrocytes make up what percentage of blood?

45% (bottom)

What is the average blood volume in males?

5-6 liters

What is the average amount of red blood cells in males?

5.2-5.8 million cells per cubic millimeter

The plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

55% (top)

What percentage of erythrocytes are hemoglobin?

97%

Clinical Connection: - reduced number of RBCs or hemoglobins - accompanied by fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and chill

Anemia

- about 0.5% of all leukocytes - nucleus: usually two lobes - granules secrete histamines - function in inflammation mediation

Basophils

- 1-4% of all WBCs - bilobed nucleus - play roles in ending allergic reactions and fighting parasite infection - granules contain digestive enzymes - attach to parasites, then release enzymes that digest and destroy invader

Eosinophils

percent of blood volume that is erythrocytes

Hematocrit

Erythrocytes are packed with oxygen-carrying ________ proteins.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

- 20-45% of WBCs - most important cells of the immune system - nucleus: occupies most of cell volume, stains dark purple - effective in fighting infectious organisms - act against a specific foreign molecule

Lymphocytes

- 4-8% of WBCs - the largest WBCs - contain larger proportion of cytoplasm - nucleus: kidney shaped-Transform into macrophages, leave circulation - phagocytic cells move by amoeboid motion - ingest foreign cells, molecules, and debris

Monocytes

Is plasma a formed element?

NOOOO

_________ of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules gives blood its red color.

Oxidation

Clinical Connection: - inherited condition: mutation forms defective hemoglobin molecule - RBCs distort into a sickle shape - RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels - Poor oxygen delivery; pain

Sickle-Cell Trait and Disease

How long do most formed elements survive in bloodstream?

a few days

Leukemia: - accumulation of cancerous WBCs - interferes with production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets - oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, individual is more susceptible to infection, blood clotting is ________

abnormal

- no visible cytoplasmic granules - lymphocytes and monocytes

agranulocytes

Erythrocytes originate in the bone marrow and expel their organelles before leaving, leaving them (without a nucleus).

anucleate

What is the shape of an erythrocyte?

biconcave, 30% more surface area

begins in the early embryo and continues throughout life

blood cell formation

What is powered by the pumping of the heart?

blood circulation

- light yellow color, sticky fluid portion of blood - approximately 90% water - contains over 100 different molecules

blood plasma

occupies interior of all bones

bone marrow

Erythrocytes face wear and tear on their plasma membranes as they squeeze through __________ (rupture).

capillaries

Red blood cells pick up oxygen at the lung ___________ and deliver oxygen to ______ tissues.

capillaries; active

- squeeze between cells of capillary walls - travel by amoeboid motion to sites of infection

diapedesis: circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries

What cells transport blood gases?

erythrocytes

breakdown products are recycled and used in metabolic processes, including ___________ (formation of new RBCs

erythropoiesis

How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry?

four oxygen molecules

- visible cytoplasmic granules - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

granulocytes

Two types of leukocytes:

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Why is hemostasis important?

helps to stop bleeding

process by which all types of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs & platelets) are formed in bone marrow

hematopoiesis

All formed elements start off as (undifferentiated cells).

hematopoietic stem cell

molecules in plasma: sodium (Na+) and chloride (CI-)

ions

Each heme group contains an ____ ion.

iron

The leukocytes and platelets (buffy coat) make up what percentage of blood?

less than 1% (middle)

group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal WBCs multiply uncontrollably

leukemia

- less numerous than RBCs: 4800-11,000/cubic mm - originate and is stored in bone marrow - protect the body from disease - released in large quantities during serious infection - function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue (where infection occurs)

leukocytes

Most blood cells originate in bone ______and do not ______.

marrow; divide

Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, so they can not undergo _______.

mitosis

- most numerous WBC (60%) - phagocytize and destroy bacteria - release anti-bacterial substances - nucleus: 2-6 lobes

neutrophils

Erythrocytes have no _________ or other organelles.

nuclei

The erythrocytes are the most ________ of the formed elements.

numerous

molecules in plasma: sugars, amino acids, lipids, and proteins

nutrients

Each iron ion binds an ______ molecule.

oxygen

Erythrocytes are small ______-transporting cells and are 7.5 ___________ in length.

oxygen; micrometers

distribution functions of blood: - delivering______ and nutrients to body cells - transporting metabolic ______ to lungs and kidneys for elimination - transporting _______ from endocrine organs to target organs

oxygen; wastes; hormones

cellular fragments that aid in blood clotting

platelets

protection functions of blood: Blood loss is prevented when plasma proteins and __________ initiate clot formation.

platelets

Hemoglobin contains four___________ chains (globins) & heme groups (pigment).

polypeptide

dead neutrophils, other WBCs, tissue debris, dead bacteria

pus

actively generates new blood cells

red marrow

The structural characteristics of an erythrocyte contribute to ____________ function.

respiratory

Erythrocytes are destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in the ______ and liver.

spleen

symptoms: (fatigue, cold intolerance, pale skin) and also weight loss, fever, night sweats, excessive bleeding, recurrent infections

symptoms of Anemia

regulation functions of blood: - maintaining body ___________ by absorbing and distributing heat - maintaining normal __ - maintaining adequate fluid ______ in circulatory system

temperature; pH; volume

What happens to ruptured erythrocytes?

they are removed from circulation

In adults, red marrow is located: - between _________ of spongy bone of axial skeleton - girdles (pectoral & pelvic) - proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

trabeculae

molecules in plasma: urea, ammonia, and carbon dioxide (C02)

wastes

What cells provide immunity and are the only complete cells in the formed elements?

white blood cells