Chapter 17; digestive system, anatomy physiology 2
place the parts of the colon in order as food moves through:
1. ascending 2. transverse 3. descending 4. sigmoid
place in order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract from inside to outside
1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa
list in order the organs of the digestive tract starting from the oral cavity and ending with the anus
1. oral cavity 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine
which are the function of the oral cavity?
Mastication, ingestion, chemical digestion
the main function of the large intestine is to
absorb water and electrolytes
which are the functions of the stomach
absorbs small acts of nutrients, mixes food with gastric juice, starts the digestion of protein
there is a small area of the large intestine that comes after the rectum and before the anus. it is called the
anal canal
an infected appendix is called ________. sometimes, the inflamed appendix ruptures, spilling feces into the peritoneum, which is called _____
appendicitis; peritonitis
the blind tube at the end of the cecum filled with lymphocytes and immune cells is the
appendix
the part of the colon that begins at the cecum and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the
ascending colon
intestinal flora is made up of
bacteria
what produces flatus, or gas, in the intestines
bacteria
feces are normally composed of:
bacteria, bile pigments, unabsorbed nutrients, mucus
which are components of bile
bile pigments, cholesterol, bile salts
as the liver breaks down old worn out red blood cells, it breaks down hemoglobin. a byproduct of this is:
billirubin
emulsification is a process that
breaks fats down into smaller pieces
pancreatic amylase breaks ________ down into ______
carbohydrates; disaccharides
as food leaves the ileum, it enters the
cecum
as food leaves the ileum, it enters the:
cecum
the beginning of the large intestine is a blind pouch, inferior to the ileocecal valve, known as the
cecum
enzymes breaking nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine is an example of
chemical digestion
pepsinogen is secreted by _______ cells of the gastric glands, and is a precursor to _____
chief; pepsin
gallstones form from ______ crystallizing out of bile
cholesterol
once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called
chyme
the stimulus for the two ________ reflexes is stretching of the rectum
defecation
when bacteria erodes enamel, the dentin is exposed. this is called a cavity, or
dental carles
gastric glands secrete
digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus
the pancreas secretes _______ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms
digestive enzymes; insulin
the pancreas secretes____ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms.
digestive enzymes; insulin
the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the
digestive tract to the liver
which are functions of saliva?
dissolves molecules so they can be tasted, clenses mouth and teeth, aids in swallowing
the longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric
folds
which are the functions of the liver?
formation of plasma proteins, detoxify blood, break glycogen down into glucose, removal of worn-out red blood cells
the sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the
gallbladder
inflammation of the gums; which can eventually lead to tooth loss, is called
gingivitis
the mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called
goblet cells
lobules of the liver consist of
hepatic cells, cupful cells, hepatic sinusoids
microscopic subunits of the liver, each consisting of a central vein passing down its core, are called
hepatic lobules
the valve-like structure regulating the movement of feces from the small intestine into the large intestine is the
ileocecal sphincter
after food leaves the jejunum, it enters the ______
ileum
the final portion of the small intestine is the
ileum
which symptom could be directly caused by liver failure
increased bleeding, difficulty in lipid digestion
match the sphincter with the muscle type:
internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle external anal sphincter: skeletal muscle
a yellowish color of the skin, corneas, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to an excessive concentration of bilirubin is a condition known as
jaundice
______ is the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose
lactase
_______ is the enzyme that digests lactose into glycol and galactose
lactase
what condition results from a deficiency in lactase
lactose intolerance
the primary function of the ____ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, and not other nutrients
large
the laryngopharynx is posterior to the_____ , and immediately inferior to the _________.
larynx; oropharynx
which structure is associated with the oropharynx
lingual tonsils
which are the types of tonsils
lingual, palatine, pharyngeal
the pancreatic enzyme called pancreatic _____ digests fats
lipase
list four components of gastric juice
lipase, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, mucus
identify the accessory organs of the digestive system
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands
the _______ esophageal sphincter prevents stomach contents from spilling into the esophagus
lower
each small intestine villus contains a specialized _____________ called a lacteal, which functions to absorb dietary fats
lymphatic capillary
mechanically breaking down food down into smaller pieces is called________, also known as chewing
mastication
there are two main components to digestion:
mechanical and chemical
the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (by process such as chewing and segmentation) is known as
mechanical digestion
which structures increase the surface area in the small intestine lining
microvilli, villi, and circular folds
which are functions of the stomach
mixes food with gastric juice, absorbs small amounts of nutrients, starts the digestion of protein
the nasopharynx is found just posterior to the:
nasal cavity
nucleases break _____ down into _______
nucleic acids; nucleotides
the portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone is the
oropharynx
the _______ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the stomach
pancreas
the duct that runs lengthwise through the pancreas, joining the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the
pancreatic duct
which are the major salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
when swelling, a bolus of food moves from the mouth into the ____ before reaching the esophagus
pharynx
the crown of the tooth is the:
portion of the tooth that extends above the gemlike
the crown of the tooth is the
portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline
the pancreas is located:
posterior to stomach, posterior to the parietal peritoneum
the pharynx is located
posterior to the oral cavity
the causes of hemorrhoids
pregnancy, constipation, obesity
pepsin breaks down
proteins into polypeptides
pulp supplies teeth with oxygen, nutrients and sensation. it is found inside the:
pulp cavity
which muscular band regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
which part of the large intestine stimulates the defecation reflex?
rectum
which part of the large intestine stimulates the defection reflex
rectum
what are the four lobes of the liver
right, left, caudate, quadrate
the portion of the toot within the alveolus is known as the
root
the enzyme _______ _______ begins starch digestion in the mouth
salivary amylase
match the enzyme with its substrate
salivary amylase: carbs pepsin: proteins pancreatic lipase: lipids nuclease: nucleic acids
the layer of the digestive tract consisting of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium is known as the visceral peritoneum, or the:
serosa
the s-shaped portion of the large intestine, located in the lower left quadrant, is the
sigmoid colon
the organ that absorbs the most nutrients is the
small intestine
peristalsis is a wave of muscle contraction that occurs in the _______ muscle of the esophagus and other parts of the alimentary canal.
smooth
food passes from the _____ into the duodenum
stomach
the layer in the wall of the alimentary canal rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the
submucosa
match the nervous system division with its effects on the salivary glands
sympathetic nervous system: minimal secretion of thick saliva parasympathetic nervous system: copious secretion of watery saliva
the tip of the soft palate, that hands down posteriorly is called the
uvula
the intestinal ______ are small projections in the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area for greater absorption
villi