Chapter 17; digestive system, anatomy physiology 2

place the parts of the colon in order as food moves through:

1. ascending 2. transverse 3. descending 4. sigmoid

place in order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract from inside to outside

1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa

list in order the organs of the digestive tract starting from the oral cavity and ending with the anus

1. oral cavity 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine

which are the function of the oral cavity?

Mastication, ingestion, chemical digestion

the main function of the large intestine is to

absorb water and electrolytes

which are the functions of the stomach

absorbs small acts of nutrients, mixes food with gastric juice, starts the digestion of protein

there is a small area of the large intestine that comes after the rectum and before the anus. it is called the

anal canal

an infected appendix is called ________. sometimes, the inflamed appendix ruptures, spilling feces into the peritoneum, which is called _____

appendicitis; peritonitis

the blind tube at the end of the cecum filled with lymphocytes and immune cells is the

appendix

the part of the colon that begins at the cecum and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the

ascending colon

intestinal flora is made up of

bacteria

what produces flatus, or gas, in the intestines

bacteria

feces are normally composed of:

bacteria, bile pigments, unabsorbed nutrients, mucus

which are components of bile

bile pigments, cholesterol, bile salts

as the liver breaks down old worn out red blood cells, it breaks down hemoglobin. a byproduct of this is:

billirubin

emulsification is a process that

breaks fats down into smaller pieces

pancreatic amylase breaks ________ down into ______

carbohydrates; disaccharides

as food leaves the ileum, it enters the

cecum

as food leaves the ileum, it enters the:

cecum

the beginning of the large intestine is a blind pouch, inferior to the ileocecal valve, known as the

cecum

enzymes breaking nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine is an example of

chemical digestion

pepsinogen is secreted by _______ cells of the gastric glands, and is a precursor to _____

chief; pepsin

gallstones form from ______ crystallizing out of bile

cholesterol

once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called

chyme

the stimulus for the two ________ reflexes is stretching of the rectum

defecation

when bacteria erodes enamel, the dentin is exposed. this is called a cavity, or

dental carles

gastric glands secrete

digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus

the pancreas secretes _______ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms

digestive enzymes; insulin

the pancreas secretes____ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms.

digestive enzymes; insulin

the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the

digestive tract to the liver

which are functions of saliva?

dissolves molecules so they can be tasted, clenses mouth and teeth, aids in swallowing

the longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric

folds

which are the functions of the liver?

formation of plasma proteins, detoxify blood, break glycogen down into glucose, removal of worn-out red blood cells

the sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the

gallbladder

inflammation of the gums; which can eventually lead to tooth loss, is called

gingivitis

the mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called

goblet cells

lobules of the liver consist of

hepatic cells, cupful cells, hepatic sinusoids

microscopic subunits of the liver, each consisting of a central vein passing down its core, are called

hepatic lobules

the valve-like structure regulating the movement of feces from the small intestine into the large intestine is the

ileocecal sphincter

after food leaves the jejunum, it enters the ______

ileum

the final portion of the small intestine is the

ileum

which symptom could be directly caused by liver failure

increased bleeding, difficulty in lipid digestion

match the sphincter with the muscle type:

internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle external anal sphincter: skeletal muscle

a yellowish color of the skin, corneas, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to an excessive concentration of bilirubin is a condition known as

jaundice

______ is the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose

lactase

_______ is the enzyme that digests lactose into glycol and galactose

lactase

what condition results from a deficiency in lactase

lactose intolerance

the primary function of the ____ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, and not other nutrients

large

the laryngopharynx is posterior to the_____ , and immediately inferior to the _________.

larynx; oropharynx

which structure is associated with the oropharynx

lingual tonsils

which are the types of tonsils

lingual, palatine, pharyngeal

the pancreatic enzyme called pancreatic _____ digests fats

lipase

list four components of gastric juice

lipase, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, mucus

identify the accessory organs of the digestive system

liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands

the _______ esophageal sphincter prevents stomach contents from spilling into the esophagus

lower

each small intestine villus contains a specialized _____________ called a lacteal, which functions to absorb dietary fats

lymphatic capillary

mechanically breaking down food down into smaller pieces is called________, also known as chewing

mastication

there are two main components to digestion:

mechanical and chemical

the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (by process such as chewing and segmentation) is known as

mechanical digestion

which structures increase the surface area in the small intestine lining

microvilli, villi, and circular folds

which are functions of the stomach

mixes food with gastric juice, absorbs small amounts of nutrients, starts the digestion of protein

the nasopharynx is found just posterior to the:

nasal cavity

nucleases break _____ down into _______

nucleic acids; nucleotides

the portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone is the

oropharynx

the _______ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the stomach

pancreas

the duct that runs lengthwise through the pancreas, joining the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the

pancreatic duct

which are the major salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

when swelling, a bolus of food moves from the mouth into the ____ before reaching the esophagus

pharynx

the crown of the tooth is the:

portion of the tooth that extends above the gemlike

the crown of the tooth is the

portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline

the pancreas is located:

posterior to stomach, posterior to the parietal peritoneum

the pharynx is located

posterior to the oral cavity

the causes of hemorrhoids

pregnancy, constipation, obesity

pepsin breaks down

proteins into polypeptides

pulp supplies teeth with oxygen, nutrients and sensation. it is found inside the:

pulp cavity

which muscular band regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum

pyloric sphincter

which part of the large intestine stimulates the defecation reflex?

rectum

which part of the large intestine stimulates the defection reflex

rectum

what are the four lobes of the liver

right, left, caudate, quadrate

the portion of the toot within the alveolus is known as the

root

the enzyme _______ _______ begins starch digestion in the mouth

salivary amylase

match the enzyme with its substrate

salivary amylase: carbs pepsin: proteins pancreatic lipase: lipids nuclease: nucleic acids

the layer of the digestive tract consisting of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium is known as the visceral peritoneum, or the:

serosa

the s-shaped portion of the large intestine, located in the lower left quadrant, is the

sigmoid colon

the organ that absorbs the most nutrients is the

small intestine

peristalsis is a wave of muscle contraction that occurs in the _______ muscle of the esophagus and other parts of the alimentary canal.

smooth

food passes from the _____ into the duodenum

stomach

the layer in the wall of the alimentary canal rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the

submucosa

match the nervous system division with its effects on the salivary glands

sympathetic nervous system: minimal secretion of thick saliva parasympathetic nervous system: copious secretion of watery saliva

the tip of the soft palate, that hands down posteriorly is called the

uvula

the intestinal ______ are small projections in the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area for greater absorption

villi