Chapter 17

The Jesuits were finally dissolved by papal decree because:

. their high-profile successes created many jealous enemies.

In his writings concerning the case of Jean Calas, Voltaire condemned:

French religious and legal intolerance.

Which artistic style of the eighteenth century attempted to capture to the simplicity and dignity of ancient Greece and Rome?

Neoclassicism

12.The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

a) Condorcet

22. The Carnival of the Mediterranean world was

a) a period of intense sexual activity and gross excesses.

6. John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by

a) environment, not by innate ideas.

16. Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

a) proper child rearing and human education

"I asked him to tell me in what true religion consisted. 'Have I not told you [he answered] 'Love God and your neighbor as yourself.'" Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary

a) religious toleration

10. Deism was based on

a) the Newtonian world-machine with God as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws.

4. Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

a)the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life

The salons:

allowed the hostesses to influence political events and ideas.

Mozart took his place in the pantheon of composers because of his:

apparently effortless blend of grace, emotion, and precision.

Through such works as his Plurality of Worlds, Bernard de Fontenelle:

brought the findings of science to a lay audience.

1. Which of the following is true regarding salons of the 18th century?

c) They discussed social questions as well as literary works.

14. In Rousseau's The Social Contract, he expressed his belief that

c) freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the "general will"

20. 18th century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

c) novels

18. Johann Sebastian Bach

c) produced religious music as a way to worship God

3. According to Adam Smith, the "invisible hand" would

c) reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic benefit

9. Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

c) religious intolerance.

23. The Jesuit order was dissolved in 1773 because

c) the pressure by Catholic kings.

13. Montesquieu's Persian Letters

c) was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

7. The French philosophes

c) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

24. The Jews of 18th century Europe

c) were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

25. John Wesley

d) created his evangelical Methodist movement using revivalist techniques.

8. Above all, Montesquieu's The Spirit of Laws was concerned with

d) maintaining a balance among the various branches of government.

17. Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons, which

d) provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes.

During the eighteenth century, lower-class criminals condemned to death were often:

drawn and quartered.

21. A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the 18th century is associated with

e) Beccaria

19. Which 18th century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

e) Mozart

15. For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

e) private property

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

e) the social sciences.

John Wesley incurred the animosity of Anglican Church officials because:

his services were often filled with excessive emotional enthusiasm.

Rousseau argued in his novel Emile that education:

must combine heart and mind, sentiment and reason.

The writers of travel literature in the eighteenth century portrayed:

people living in nature in foreign places as happier than Europeans.

Montesquieu's most important contribution to political science was his:

praise for what he considered England's system of checks and balances.

Pierre Bayle's work can best be characterized as:

skeptical of traditional religious attitudes.

In his Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that:

the state should not interfere in economic matters.

Edward Gibbon concluded that the decline and fall of Rome:

was in part caused by Rome's adoption of the Christian faith.

In Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that:

women should enjoy equal social, economic and political rights with men.