Chapter 17 (Special Senses) Practice questions, Chapter 17 study guide, Chapter 17 Diagram Questions, Chapter 17 Multiple Choice Questions, Chapter 17 Special Senses

Night blindness can be caused by a) Toxic levels of vitamin A b) Lack of rhodopsin c) Lack of cones d) Too low concentration of cAMP e) Too high concentration of cAMP

b) Lack of rhodopsin

Which statement accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments? a) The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization. b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization. c) A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell. d) No changes in the membrane potential occur. e) The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization

During embryonic development, the external ear develops from a structure called the first a) pharyngeal pouch. b) pharyngeal cleft. c) otic placodes. d) otic vesicle. e) rhombencephalon

b) pharyngeal cleft

Presbycusis refers to age-associated a) progressive loss of hearing in one ear. b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears. c) progressive loss of vision. d) otitis media. e) vertigo.

b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears

Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway 1. a second messenger opens cation channels (Na+ and Ca+2) 2. depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs 3. odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein 4. G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 4, 2, 1, 3 c) 3, 4, 1, 2 d) 2, 1, 4, 3 e) 3, 1, 2, 4

c) 3, 4, 1, 2

Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain. 1. inferior colliculus 2. cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII 3. superior olivary nucleus in pons 4. hair cells in spiral organ 5. medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus 6. primary auditory cerebral cortex 7. cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata a) 6,5, 1, 3, 7, 2, 4 b) 2, 4, 7, 1, 5, 3, 7 c) 4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6 d) 5, 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6 e) 4, 6, 2, 5, 1, 7, 3

c) 4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6

When you inhale slowly and deeply, this helps identify odors. Why? a) The receptors need more air to the odors. b) The threshold for odor detection is high. c) More odorants are brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium. d) Adaptation to odors is slow. e) Olfactory transduction can only occur if a certain level of odorant concentration is available.

c) More odorants are brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium

Which molecule detects light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina? a) cGMP b) opsin portion of rhodopsin c) cis-retinal d) melanin e) retinal isomerase

c) cis-retinal

Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left? a) macula of the saccule b) macule of the utricle c) crista of the horizontal semicircular duct d) spiral organ e) crista of the posterior semicircular duct

c) crista of the horizontal semicircular duct

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop? a) endoderm b) mesoderm c) ectoderm d) ectoderm and mesoderm e) ectoderm and endoderm

c) ectoderm

How many days after fertilization do the ears begin to develop? a) 5 b) 150 c) 10 d) 22 e) 55

d) 22

How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop? a) 5 b) 150 c) 10 d) 22 e) 55

d) 22

After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated? a) cornea b) lacrimal puncta c) palpebral conjunctiva d) bulbar conjunctiva e) retina

d) bulbar conjunctiva

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the a) optic disk. b) optic chiasm. c) visual cortex of cerebrum. d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e) primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Light refracts as it passes through what portions of the eye? Select all that apply. a) sclera b) iris c) choroid d) lens e) cornea f) aqueous humor g) vitreous humor h) pupil

d; e; f; g

Ciliary bodies are composed of a) striated muscle. b) cardiac muscle c) skeletal muscle d) radial smooth muscle e) circular smooth muscle

e) circular smooth muscle

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the a) optic groove. b) optic vesicle. c) optic stalk. d) prosencephalon. e) lens vesicle.

e) lens vesicle

What are the functions of lacrimal secretion/tears?

to clean, lubricate, and moisten the eyeball

77) The superior oblique is innervated by [dropdown 1] nerve and the lateral rectus is innervated by [dropdown 2] nerve. All other extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by [dropdown 3] nerve. Dropdown choices: abducens facial optic oculomotor trochlear

trochlear, abducens, oculomotor

What ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike? vestibulocochlear nerve tympanic membrane cochlea spiral organ pinna

tympanic membrane

Pressure waves in endolymph cause the [1] to vibrate, which moves hair cells of the [2]. The hair cells touch the [3] which bends the seterocilia and generates nerve impulses in first-order neurons. a) basilar membrane b) tectorial membrane c) vestibular membrane d) helicotrema e) oval window f) round window g) spiral organ

1 - a) basilar membrane 2 - g) spiral organ 3 - b) tectorial membrane

Circular muscles of the iris are controlled by the [1] nervous system and cause the pupil to [2]. Radial muscles of the iris are controlled by the [3] nervous system and cause the pupil to [4]. The circular muscles are controlled specifically by the [5] cranial nerve. a) central b) enteric c) parasympathetic d) sympathetic e) constrict f) dilate g) Optic h) abducens i) oculomotor j) trochlear

1 - c) parasympathetic 2 - e) constrict 3 - d) sympathetic 4 - f) dilate 5 - i) oculomotor

Individuals that have osteogenesis imperfecta have malformed collagen fibers. The [1] is thinner, affecting the eye's strength. Due to this, the whites of the eyes often appear grayish-blue, because the dark pigmented [2] layer is seen. a) choroid b) conjunctiva c) iris d) retina e) sclera

1 - e) sclera 2 - a) choroid

The superior oblique is innervated by [1] nerve and the lateral rectus is innervated by [2] nerve. All other extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by [3] nerve. a) abducens b) facial c) optic d) oculomotor e) trochlear

1 - e) trochlear 2 - a) abducens 3 - d) oculomotor

Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway 1. a second messenger opens cation channels (Na+ and Ca+2) 2. depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs 3. odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein 4. G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate 3, 4, 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 2, 1, 3

3, 4, 1, 2

Which labeled step(s) represents cis-retinal binding to opsin, regenerating a photopigment that is functional? 4 1 Both 1 and 3 3 2

4

Place the events of sound transduction in order. 1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs 2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter 3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open 4. stereocilia of hair cells bend5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons6. Cations entering cause depolarization 2, 6, 3, 4, 1, 5 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain. 1. inferior colliculus 2. cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII 3. superior olivary nucleus in pons 4. hair cells in spiral organ 5. medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus 6. primary auditory cerebral cortex 7. cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata 6,5, 1, 3, 7, 2, 4 5, 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6 4, 6, 2, 5, 1, 7, 3 4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6 2, 4, 7, 1, 5, 3, 7

4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6

19) What lies between the lens and the retina? a) Vitreous chamber b) Anterior chamber c) Anterior cavity d) Cornea e) Aqueous humor

A

2) _____ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction. a) Olfactory cilia b) Supporting cells c) Basal stem cells d) Bowman's glands e) Gustatory receptor cells

A

30) ___________are the thin protective mucous membranes composed of stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells. a) bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva b) palpebral conjunctiva and cornea c) scleral venous sinus and bulbar conjunctiva d) cornea and scleral venous sinus e) tarsal glands and palpebral conjunctiva

A

47) Which structures contain endolymph? a) saccule, utricle and cochlear duct b) scala vestibule, scala tympani, and bony labyrinth c) membranous and bony labyrinth d) scala vestibule, scala tympani, and cochlear duct e) cochlear duct, vestibule and semicircular canals

A

64) During embryonic development, the middle ear develops from a structure called the first a) pharyngeal pouch. b) pharyngeal cleft. c) otic placodes. d) otic vesicle. e) rhombencephalon

A

67) Cataract leads to blindness due to a) loss of transparency of the lens. b) a high intraocular pressure. c) photophobia. d) scotoma. e) trachoma.

A

73) Otoliths are located in the a) macula of the saccule b) cupula of the crista c) tectorial membrane of the spiral organ d) basilar membrane of the cochlear duct e) hair cells and supporting cells of semicircular ducts

A

79) Choose the sequence of events in order for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end. 1. Taste bud detects tastant on anterior two third of tongue 2. Information travels to limbic system and hypothalamus, and to the thalamus 3. Gustatory nucleus in medulla receives information 4. First order neuron from facial nerve carries impulse 5. First order neuron from vagus nerve carries impulse 6. First order neuron from glossopharyngeal nerve carries impulse 7. Conscious perception of taste 8. Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex a) 1, 4, 3, 2, 8, 7 b) 7, 8, 2, 3, 6, 1 c) 7,1,5, 3, 2, 8 d) 1, 4, 5, 5, 3 ,4 , 8, 7 e) 4, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8

A

Identify the malleus, incus, and stapes in the diagram. C, D, G A, B, J A, B, C A, C, G J, C, G

A, B, J

55) What cranial nerves are associated with olfactory glands? Select all that apply. a) olfactory b) trigeminal c) facial d) oculomotor e) glossopharyngeal

A, C

74) The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from what structures? Select all that apply. a) utricle and saccule. b) semicircular ducts. c) eyes d) proprioceptors in the neck muscles. e) nociceptors in the distal limbs. f) spiral organ g) tympanic membrane h) auditory tube

A,B,C,D

72) Which structures are associated with equilibrium? Select all that apply. a) vestibule b) saccule c) cochlear duct d) semicircular ducts e) Cochlea f) ampullae

A,B,D,F

80) What structures play a major role in visual acuity? Select all that apply. a) Cones b) Macula lutea c) Optic disc d) Blind spot e) Fovea centralis f) Rods

A,B,E

56) Which cells are part of the olfactory epithelium? Select all that apply. a) supporting cells b) mitral cells c) glomeruli d) basal cell e) olfactory receptor cells f) olfactory nerve g) nasal conchae

ADE

6) Which areas will contain taste buds in adults? Select all that apply. a) epiglottis b) vallate papilla c) filiform papilla d) foliate papilla e) fungiform papilla f) soft palate g) pharynx h) hard palate

Answer 1: a Answer 2: b Answer 3: e Answer 4: f Answer 5: g

26) Pressure waves in endolymph cause the [dropdown 1] to vibrate, which moves hair cells of the [dropdown 2]. The hair cells touch the [dropdown 3] which bends the seterocilia and generates nerve impulses in first-order neurons. Dropdown 1&3 choices: basilar membrane tectorial membrane vestibular membrane Dropdown 2 choices: helicotrema oval window round window spiral organ

Answer 1: basilar membrane Answer 2: spiral organ Answer 3: tectorial membrane

10) Sebaceous glands are located in what areas of the eye? Select all that apply. a) Palpebral conjunctiva b) Levator palpebrae c) Lacrimal caruncle d) Tarsal plate e) Bulbar conjunctiva f) Base of eyelashes

Answer 1: c Answer 2: d Answer 3: f

8) Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation? a) Vestibulocochlear b) Oculomotor c) Vagus d) Trigeminal e) Facial f) Glossopharyngeal g) Hypoglossal h) Abducens

Answer 1: c Answer 2: e Answer 3: f

3) Olfaction has a [dropdown 1] threshold, and adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant [dropdown 2]. Dropdown 1 choices: high low no Dropdown 2 choices: does not occur enhances gustation increases sensitivity to that odorant occurs rapidly occurs slowly

Answer 1: low

20) Circular muscles of the iris are controlled by the [dropdown 1] nervous system and cause the pupil to [dropdown 2]. Radial muscles of the iris are controlled by the [dropdown 3] nervous system and cause the pupil to [dropdown 4]. The circular muscles are controlled specifically by the [dropdown 5] cranial nerve. Dropodwn 1&3 choices: central enteric parasympathetic sympathetic Dropodwn 2&4 choices: constrict dilate Dropodwn 5 choices: Optic abducens oculomotor trochlear

Answer 1: parasympathetic Answer 2: constrict Answer 3: sympathetic Answer 4: dilate Answer 5: oculomotor

21) Individuals that have osteogenesis imperfecta have malformed collagen fibers. The [dropdown 1] is thinner, affecting the eye's strength. Due to this, the whites of the eyes often appear grayish-blue, because the dark pigmented [dropdown 2] layer is seen. Dropdown choices: choroid conjunctiva iris retina sclera

Answer 1:sclera Answer 2: choroid

1) Olfactory epithelium is found a) throughout the nasal cavity. b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity. c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity. d) from the vestibule to the pharynx. e) only in the mid-nasal ridges.

B

11) Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved? a) Palpebral fissure b) Conjunctiva c) Lateral commissure d) Cornea e) Choroid

B

24) Light enters the retina through the layers of neural retina in this order ______; however information is processed through this order _______ in the retina 1. Photoreceptor cell layer 2. Bipolar cell layer 3. Inner synaptic layer 4. Outer synaptic layer 5. Ganglion cell layer a) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 / 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 b) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 / 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 c) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 / 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 d) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 / 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 e) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 / 1, 2, 5, 4, 3

B

28) Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the a) cochlea. b) semicircular canals. c) vestibule. d) spiral organ. e) utricle and saccule

B

32) The lens accommodates when contraction of _______ pulls on _______. a) ciliary processes; ciliary muscle b) ciliary muscle; zonular fibers c) suspensory ligaments; zonular fibers d) zonular fibers; ciliary muscles e) ora seratta; suspensory ligaments

B

35) Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot? a) Rods and cones are inactive in that area. b) There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods. c) The macula degenerated over the optic disc d) The neural circuits lack amacrine and horizontal cells. e) layer of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area.

B

4) In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the _________. The axons project to the _________. a) olfactory tract; thalamus and cerebral cortex b) olfactory tract; cerebral cortex and limbic system c) olfactory bulbs; thalamus and cerebral cortex d) olfactory bulbs; temporal lobe and cerebral cortex e) glomeruli; cerebral cortex and limbic system

B

62) During embryonic development, the first portion of the ear to develop is the a) middle ear. b) internal ear. c) external ear. d) bony labyrinth. e) membranous labyrinth.

B

65) During embryonic development, the external ear develops from a structure called the first a) pharyngeal pouch. b) pharyngeal cleft. c) otic placodes. d) otic vesicle. e) rhombencephalon

B

66) Presbycusis refers to age-associated a) progressive loss of hearing in one ear. b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears. c) progressive loss of vision. d) otitis media. e) vertigo.

B

69) Which statement accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments? a) The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization. b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization. c) A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell. d) No changes in the membrane potential occur. e) The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

B

75) Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the cochlear nuclei in the _____. a) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata c) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons d) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

B

84) Night blindness can be caused by a) Toxic levels of vitamin A b) Lack of rhodopsin c) Lack of cones d) Too low concentration of cAMP e) Too high concentration of cAMP

B

12) Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in a) blood shot eyes. b) inhibition of tear production. c) a sty. d) glaucoma. e) blindness

C

15) How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye? a) 10 b) 12 c) 6 d) 4 e) 20

C

17) The ______ regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil. a) retina b) cornea c) iris d) lens e) fovea centralis

C

18) ______are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens. a) Collagen b) Ciliary bodies c) Crystallins d) Elastin e) Keratin

C

22) ______ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions. a) Basal cell b) Rods c) Cones d) Ganglion e) Amacrine cell

C

25) What ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike? a) cochlea b) pinna c) tympanic membrane d) spiral organ e) vestibulocochlear nerve

C

59) From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop? a) endoderm b) mesoderm c) ectoderm d) ectoderm and mesoderm e) ectoderm and endoderm

C

68) Which molecule detects light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina? a) cGMP b) opsin portion of rhodopsin c) cis-retinal d) melanin e) retinal isomerase

C

71) Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left? a) macula of the saccule b) macule of the utricle c) crista of the horizontal semicircular duct d) spiral organ e) crista of the posterior semicircular duct

C

81) Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain. 1. inferior colliculus 2. cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII 3. superior olivary nucleus in pons 4. hair cells in spiral organ 5. medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus 6. primary auditory cerebral cortex 7. cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata a) 6,5, 1, 3, 7, 2, 4 b) 2, 4, 7, 1, 5, 3, 7 c) 4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6 d) 5, 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6 e) 4, 6, 2, 5, 1, 7, 3

C

82) When you inhale slowly and deeply, this helps identify odors. Why? a) The receptors need more air to the odors. b) The threshold for odor detection is high. c) More odorants are brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium. d) Adaptation to odors is slow. e) Olfactory transduction can only occur if a certain level of odorant concentration is available.

C

83) Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway 1. a second messenger opens cation channels (Na+ and Ca+2) 2. depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs 3. odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein 4. G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 4, 2, 1, 3 c) 3, 4, 1, 2 d) 2, 1, 4, 3 e) 3, 1, 2, 4

C

14) Place the flow of tears in correct order. 1. lacrimal gland 2.lacrimal sac 3.lacrimal duct 4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal 5. nasolacrimal duct 6. nasal cavity a) 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 b) 2, 5, 3, 4, 1, 6 c) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6 d) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6 e) 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 4

D

23) The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is a) activation of amacrine cells. b) absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium. c) interruption of the dark current. d) absorption of light by photopigments. e) generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

D

39) Cones and rods synapse with bipolar cells in the ______ layer. a) ganglion cell b) inner synaptic c) bipolar cell d) outer synaptic e) amacrine cell

D

43) Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin. This is termed a) isomerization b) conversion c) regeneration d) bleaching e) transition

D

60) How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop? a) 5 b) 150 c) 10 d) 22 e) 55

D

63) How many days after fertilization do the ears begin to develop? a) 5 b) 150 c) 10 d) 22 e) 55

D

7) Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation? a) Vallate b) Fungiform c) Foliate d) Filiform e) Circumvallate

D

70) The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the a) optic disk. b) optic chiasm. c) visual cortex of cerebrum. d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e) primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

D

9) After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated? a) cornea b) lacrimal puncta c) palpebral conjunctiva d) bulbar conjunctiva e) retina

D

85) Light refracts as it passes through what portions of the eye? Select all that apply. a) sclera b) iris c) choroid d) lens e) cornea f) aqueous humor g) vitreous humor h) pupil

D, E, F, G

16) Which is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed? a) Retina b) Choroid c) Sclera d) Ciliary body e) Cornea

E

27) Place the events of sound transduction in order. 1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs 2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter 3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open 4. stereocilia of hair cells bend 5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons 6. Cations entering cause depolarization a) 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4 b) 2, 6, 3, 4, 1, 5 c) 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 d) 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 e) 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

E

36) Ciliary bodies are composed of a) striated muscle. b) cardiac muscle c) skeletal muscle d) radial smooth muscle e) circular smooth muscle

E

61) During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the a) optic groove. b) optic vesicle. c) optic stalk d) prosencephalon. e) lens vesicle.

E

5) [___] provide for the sense of taste. Dropdown choices: Basal stem cells Hair cells Gustatory cells Olfactory cilia

Gustatory cells

e) H

In this diagram which structure composed of bone and cartilage, helps equalize pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) H

What is accommodation?

Increase in curvature of the lens for near vision

The three tiny ossicles in the middle ear are ______________, _________________ and __________.

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

What is the Eustachian tube, and what is its function?

Normally closed at the medial end but during swallowing and yawning it opens allowing air to enter or leave the middle ear until the pressure in the middle ear equals the atmospheric pressure

Choose the sequence of events in order for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end. 1. Taste bud detects tastant on anterior two third of tongue 2. Information travels to limbic system and hypothalamus, and to the thalamus 3. Gustatory nucleus in medulla receives information 4. First order neuron from facial nerve carries impulse 5. First order neuron from vagus nerve carries impulse 6. First order neuron from glossopharyngeal nerve carries impulse 7. Conscious perception of taste 8. Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex a) 1, 4, 3, 2, 8, 7 b) 7, 8, 2, 3, 6, 1 c) 7,1,5, 3, 2, 8 d) 1, 4, 5, 5, 3 ,4 , 8, 7 e) 4, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8

a) 1, 4, 3, 2, 8, 7

Cataract leads to blindness due to a) loss of transparency of the lens. b) a high intraocular pressure. c) photophobia. d) scotoma. e) trachoma.

a) loss of transparency of the lens

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from what structures? Select all that apply. a) utricle and saccule. b) semicircular ducts. c) eyes d) proprioceptors in the neck muscles. e) nociceptors in the distal limbs. f) spiral organ g) tympanic membrane h) auditory tube

a; b; c; d

Which structures are associated with equilibrium? Select all that apply. a) vestibule b) saccule c) cochlear duct d) semicircular ducts e) Cochlea f) ampullae

a; b; d; f

What structures play a major role in visual acuity? Select all that apply. a) Cones b) Macula lutea c) Optic disc d) Blind spot e) Fovea centralis f) Rods

a; b; e

Which cells are part of the olfactory epithelium? Select all that apply. a) supporting cells b) mitral cells c) glomeruli d) basal cell e) olfactory receptor cells f) olfactory nerve g) nasal conchae

a; d; e

The axons of the olfactory receptors form the cranial nerve # ______ called the _____________nerve.

#1, olfactory nerve.

Olfaction has a [1] threshold, and adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant [2]. a) high b) low c) no d) does not occur e) enhances gustation f) increases sensitivity to that g) odorant h) occurs rapidly i) occurs slowly

1 - b) low 2 - h) occurs rapidly

d) D

An uncorrected hyperopic eye is seen in which diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) B

An uncorrected myopic eye is seen in which diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

Tastants make contact with which portion in the diagram? E B C G D

B

In the diagram which area contains only cones? C B H A G

C

Which cell in the diagram is replaced every 10 days? G F C H D

C

The external auditory canal is lined by skin having a specific gland called ___________ which secretes ____________, which is responsible for the stickiness of the skin in this area.

Cerumen, earwax

Aqueous humor is produced by _____________________________and drained by ________________.

Ciliary processes and drained by scleral venous sinus ( canal of schlemm)

State briefly the functions of the following: Cornea ciliary muscle Aqueous humor ciliary processes Lens vitreous humor Iris/pupil retina

Cornea: Because it is curved it helps focus light onto the retina Aqueous humor: Transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea Lens- helps focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision Iris/ pupil- iris regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball though the pupil Ciliary muscle- circular barel of smooth muscle contraction or relaxation changes the shape of the lens, adapting it for near or or far vision Ciliary processes- contain blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humor Vitreous humor- jelly like substance holds retina against the choroid giving the retina an even surface for reception of clear images Retina- only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed/ examined for pathological changes. Example hypertension, diabetes, cataracts

An uncorrected hyperopic eye is seen in which diagram? A C D E B

D

In the diagram what structure is primarily composed of dense connective tissue with high amounts of collagen fibers and fibroblasts? F E H D A

D

Which cranial nerves carry taste sensations?

Facial, Glossopharyngeal, vagus

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation? Fungiform Foliate Filiform Vallate Circumvallate

Filiform

Which papillae degenerate in early childhood?

Foliate papilla

c) C

In the diagram which area contains only cones? a) A b) B c) C d) G e) H

The cochlea has two bony canals called ________________________ and _______________________, and a membranous duct called _____________________.

Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani, cochlear duct

What is sensory adaptation? Which senses adapt fast and which ones slowly?

Sensory Adaption is the change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus. Olfaction has a low threshold. Threshold for taste for taste vary. Bitter substance is lowest, sour (like lemon) is a little higher. Bitter substances having lower threshold can be a protective function because poisonous substances are often bitter. The threshold for salty and sweet substances are similar and are higher than those of bitter or sour substances

Describe briefly the auditory pathway.

Sounds enters external auditory pathaway then strikes tympanic membrane which causes vibrations. The malleus vibrates then the incus and stapes vibrates in the oval window. Vibrations in the oval window are transferred to the perilymph in scala vestibuli. Vibrations then go to the scala tympani and the round window which bulges out in the middle ear. Deformation of walls in the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli pushes the vestibular membrane back and forth, this leads to pressure waves in the endolymph in the cochlear duct. This causes Vibration of basilar membrane, hair cells move against tectorial membrane, and nerve impulses in 1st order neuron. Hair cells in cochlea→cochlear branch of VIII cranial nerve→cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata→superior olivary nucleus in pons→inferior colliculus of mid-brain→medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus→primary auditory area in the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex (receives impulses from both ears).

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

Superior part of nasal cavity

e) A and B

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami can be detected on which tastebud in the diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) A and B

b) B

Tastants make contact with which portion in the diagram? a) E b) B c) C d) D e) G

Briefly describe the gustatory pathway

Taste sensations are carried from the tongue, soft palate, epiglottis and pharynx via cranial nerves VII, IX and X to the medulla oblongata, where they synapse with second order neurons, which then go to the thalamus and then to the primary gustatory area of the cerebral cortex. Tastant dissolves in saliva → contacts the plasma membrane of gustatory hair→ receptor potential→ nerve impulse via cranial nerves VII, IX and X→ medulla→ thalamus→ primary gustatory area of the cerebral cortex.

What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles?

Tensor tympani muscle limits movement and increases tension on eardrum to prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noise. The stapedius muscle (smallest muscle) dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises. It protects the oval window and decreases the sensitivity of hearing

Why do young children get ear infections more commonly that older children and adults?

The auditory tube is more straight in younger children so there is easier access for pathogens from the nasal pharynx to enter the middle ear.

The ____________and ______________are eye structures which don't have any blood vessels (avascular).

The cornea and lens

a) A

The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway are located in which region of the diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) K e) I

What is the tectorial membrane and what is its importance?

The tectorial membrane is a flexible gelatinous membrane that covers the hair cells of the spinal organ. Ends of the hair cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane while the bodies of the hair cells res on the basilar membrane

Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot? Rods and cones are inactive in that area. Layer of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area. There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods. The neural circuits lack amacrine and horizontal cells. The macula degenerated over the optic disc.

There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods.

The ______________division of _____________________ nerve carries equilibrium sensations, while its ______________ division carries sensations for hearing.

Vestibular, vestibulocochlear, cochlear

What lies between the lens and the retina? Aqueous humor Anterior cavity Anterior chamber Cornea Vitreous chamber

Vitreous chamber

d) C

Which cell in the diagram is replaced every 10 days? a) F b) H c) D d) C e) G

b) B

Which layer of the retina is not directly involved with processing visual data? a) A b) B c) C d) D

a) C

Which structure in this diagram produces the material that dissolves odorants so transduction can occur? a) C b) D c) F d) G e) I

_____ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction. a) Olfactory cilia b) Supporting cells c) Basal stem cells d) Bowman's glands e) Gustatory receptor cells

a) Olfactory cilia

Which structures contain endolymph? a) saccule, utricle and cochlear duct b) scala vestibule, scala tympani, and bony labyrinth c) membranous and bony labyrinth d) scala vestibule, scala tympani, and cochlear duct e) cochlear duct, vestibule and semicircular canals

a) saccule, utricle and cochlear duct

Which areas will contain taste buds in adults? Select all that apply. a) epiglottis b) vallate papilla c) filiform papilla d) foliate papilla e) fungiform papilla f) soft palate g) pharynx h) hard palate

a; b; e; f; g

What cranial nerves are associated with olfactory glands? Select all that apply. a) olfactory b) trigeminal c) facial d) oculomotor e) glossopharyngeal

a; c

Light enters the retina through the layers of neural retina in this order ______; however information is processed through this order _______ in the retina 1. Photoreceptor cell layer 2. Bipolar cell layer 3. Inner synaptic layer 4. Outer synaptic layer 5. Ganglion cell layer a) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 / 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 b) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 / 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 c) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 / 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 d) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 / 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 e) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 / 1, 2, 5, 4, 3

b) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 / 1, 4, 2, 3, 5

Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved? a) Palpebral fissure b) Conjunctiva c) Lateral commissure d) Cornea e) Choroid

b) Conjunctiva

Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the a) cochlea. b) semicircular canals. c) vestibule. d) spiral organ. e) utricle and saccule

b) semicircular canals

Which cells replace the dead olfactory receptors by transforming into olfactory receptors?

basal cells

Olfactory receptors are _____________neurons structurally.

bipolar

Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin. This is termed isomerization bleaching conversion regeneration transition

bleaching

Visual impulses from the retina are carried to the brain by cranial nerve # __________ called the _________nerve

by cranial nerve # 2 called the optic nerve

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye? a) 10 b) 12 c) 6 d) 4 e) 20

c) 6

Sebaceous glands are located in what areas of the eye? Select all that apply. a) Palpebral conjunctiva b) Levator palpebrae c) Lacrimal caruncle d) Tarsal plate e) Bulbar conjunctiva f) Base of eyelashes

c; d; f

Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation? a) Vestibulocochlear b) Oculomotor c) Vagus d) Trigeminal e) Facial f) Glossopharyngeal g) Hypoglossal h) Abducens

c; e; f

The lens accommodates when contraction of _______ pulls on _______. zonular fibers; ciliary muscles ciliary muscle; zonular fibers ciliary processes; ciliary muscle suspensory ligaments; zonular fibers ora seratta; suspensory ligaments

ciliary muscle; zonular fibers

Place the flow of tears in correct order. 1. lacrimal gland 2.lacrimal sac 3.lacrimal duct 4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal 5. nasolacrimal duct 6. nasal cavity a) 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 b) 2, 5, 3, 4, 1, 6 c) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6 d) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6 e) 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 4

d) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6

Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin. This is termed a) isomerization b) conversion c) regeneration d) bleaching e) transition

d) bleaching

Cones and rods synapse with bipolar cells in the ______ layer. a) ganglion cell b) inner synaptic c) bipolar cell d) outer synaptic e) amacrine cell

d) outer synaptic

Place the events of sound transduction in order. 1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs 2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter 3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open 4. stereocilia of hair cells bend 5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons 6. Cations entering cause depolarization a) 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4 b) 2, 6, 3, 4, 1, 5 c) 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 d) 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 e) 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

e) 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop? ectoderm and endoderm ectoderm ectoderm and mesoderm endoderm mesoderm

ectoderm

The vestibular apparatus contains receptors for __________________.

equilibrium

Which is the papillae type that contains tactile receptors?

filiform papilla (no taste buds)

The ampullae of semicircular ducts contain receptors for _________________________, while the utricle and saccule contain receptors for ______________________.

hearing, equilibrium

During embryonic development, the first portion of the ear to develop is the bony labyrinth. external ear. middle ear. membranous labyrinth. internal ear.

internal ear.

The life-span of olfactory receptors is _____________months.

one

The fluid inside the bony semicircular canals and bony vestibule is called ______________, while the fluid inside the membranous semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule contain ______________.

perilymph, endolymph

Which areas will contain taste buds in adults? Select all that apply. foliate papilla pharynx hard palate soft palate vallate papilla fungiform papilla epiglottis filiform papilla

pharynx soft palate vallate papilla fungiform papilla epiglottis

Presbycusis refers to age-associated progressive loss of vision. progressive loss of hearing in both ears. otitis media. progressive loss of hearing in one ear. vertigo.

progressive loss of hearing in both ears.

Which are the four types of papillae on the dorsum of the tongue?

vallate papilla, fungiform papilla, foliate papilla, and filiform papilla (no taste buds)

Night-blindness commonly occurs due to deficiency of the nutrient__________________.

vitamin a

14. Human eyes can perceive light of wavelengths ranging from __________nm to ________nm.

400 nm to 700 nm

Briefly describe the olfactory pathway.

Formed by olfactory receptors, axons of olfactory receptors form olfactory nerve (1) that synapse with neurons of olfactory tract. Axons of olfactory tract reach the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex in in the medial inferior surface of the temporal lobe. Odorant binds to olf rec protein→ G-protein activation→ activation of adenylate cyclase→ production of cAMP→ opening of Na+ channels→ inflow of Na+ →depolarizing generator potential→ action potential/nerve impulse along axons of olf recep which form the olfactory nerves→ olfactory bulbs→ olfactory tract→ (1) primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex (for perception of smell) (without synapse in the thalamus!!), (2) hypothalamus and limbic system (emotional and memory-evoked response to smell)

What are the different cells present in a taste bud?

Gustatory receptor cells. supporting cells, basal cells

c) A, B, J

Identify the malleus, incus, and stapes in the diagram. a) A, B, C b) A, C, G c) A, B, J d) J, C, G e) C, D, G

c) D

In the diagram what structure is primarily composed of dense connective tissue with high amounts of collagen fibers and fibroblasts? a) F b) E c) D d) A e) H

b) E

In the diagram, which is a modified sebaceous gland that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other? a) D b) E c) F d) G e) C

b) B

In the retina diagram, where is the bipolar cell layer? a) A b) B c) C d) D

What is the gland that produces tears

Lacrimal gland

What is myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia? Which type of lenses corrects these refractive errors?

Myopia- Nearsightedness: close objects seen, clearly corrected with concave lenses Hyperopia- Farsightedness: Distant objects seen clearly, Corrected with convex lenses Presbyopia- Inability to read close print as you age : Loss of accommodation

The footplate of stapes covers the _____________, separating it from the perilymph of the cochlea.

Oral window

19. What are photoreceptors? What are its types?

Photoreceptor are specialized cells in the photoreceptor layer that begin the process by which light rays are ultimately converted into nerve impulses. There are two types of photoreceptor: Rods-Allows us to see in dim light (ex: moonlight) and cones-brighter lights stimulate cones which produce color vision

How are the tears carried to the conjunctival surface and how do they spread on the anterior surface of the eye ball?

Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland and emptied into the lacrimal duct which carry the tear to the surface of the conjuctiva from here tears pass medially over the anterior surface of the eyeball.

d) 4

Which labeled step(s) represents cis-retinal binding to opsin, regenerating a photopigment that is functional? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) Both 1 and 3

In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the _________. The axons project to the _________. a) olfactory tract; thalamus and cerebral cortex b) olfactory tract; cerebral cortex and limbic system c) olfactory bulbs; thalamus and cerebral cortex d) olfactory bulbs; temporal lobe and cerebral cortex e) glomeruli; cerebral cortex and limbic system.

b) olfactory tract; cerebral cortex and limbic system

______are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens. a) Collagen b) Ciliary bodies c) Crystallins d) Elastin e) Keratin

c) Crystallins

[___] provide for the sense of taste. a) Basal stem cells b) Hair cells c) Gustatory cells d) Olfactory cilia e) Photoreceptors

c) Gustatory cells

The rod photopigment is called ___________________.

rhodopsin

Night vision is due to _______________, while daytime and color vision is due to _______________.

rods, cones

36. The ______________________, located on the basilar membrane, contains receptors for hearing called hair cells or auditory receptors.

spiral organ

Describe briefly the structures involved in draining the tears.

tears enters 2 small opening called lacrimal puncta, them pass into 2 ducts (the superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi) which lead to the lacrimal sac and then into the nasolacrimal duct. this duct carries lacrimal fluid (tears) into the nasal cavity. Where it mixes with mucus. Lacrimal gland → 2 openings → Lacrimal puncta → lacrimal ducts → superior or inferior lacrimal canal → lacrimal sac → nasolacrimal duct → nasal cavity