Chapter 17 - The Jazz Age 1921-1929

which groups struggled during the boom

African Americans, Native Americans, immigrants, Deep South

The ____ provided federal aid to build airports.

Air Commerce Act of 1926

what was the Teapot Dome

Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. In return, Fall received bribes from these private interests totaling more than $300,000.

who said, '"The air [would be] heavy with tobacco smoke, trays with bottles containing every imaginable brand of whiskey . . . cards and poker chips at hand—a general atmosphere of waistcoat unbuttoned, feet on desk, and spittoons alongside."

Alice Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt

Which two of Harding's appointees remained under President Coolidge and contributed greatly to the prosperity of the 1920s?

Andrew Mellon and Herbert Hoover

______ was investigated for accepting bribes from a German agent seeking to buy a German-owned company that had been seized by the U.S. government during World War I.

Attorney General Harry Daugherty

In 1921, the United States invited representatives from eight major countries—________—to Washington, D.C., to discuss disarmament.

Britain, France, Italy, China, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal

American diplomat ----- negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany to help the countries pay their debts

Charles G. Dawes

The transatlantic solo flight of former airmail pilot ____ in 1927 banished doubt about the potential of aircraft.

Charles Lindbergh

Finally, all the participant countries signed the Nine-Powers Treaty, which guaranteed ___ independence.

China's

____sold scarce medical supplies from veterans' hospitals and kept the money for himself. He cost the public about $250 million.

Colonel Charles R. Forbes

In 1928, the _____ assembled a coast-to-coast network of stations to rival NBC.

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)

why was daugherty later dismissed by coolidge

Daugherty refused to open Justice Department files to a congressional committee. He also refused to testify under oath, claiming immunity, or freedom from prosecution, on the grounds that he had had confidential dealings with President Harding. Daugherty was later dismissed by President Coolidge.

In 1913, American engineer ____ invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long-range radio.

Edwin Armstrong

Who was the first cabinet official in U.S. history to go to prison?

Fall

who was the first cabinet secretary to go to prison

Fall

In the _______, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States essentially formalized Hughes's proposal.

Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty

The ____ between the United States, Japan, France, and Great Britain recognized each country's island possessions in the Pacific.

Four-Power Treaty

in the Dawes Plan, American banks would make loans to ____ to help it to make reparations payments. In exchange, ____ and ____ would accept ___ in reparations and pay back ____ on their war debts to the United States.

Germany Britain and France less, more

___ led the aviation industry

Glenn Curtiss

Who was the president in 1920?

Harding

n 1913, automaker ____ installed the first moving assembly line at a plant in Highland Park, Michigan.

Henry Ford

______was an example of taylor's approach of systematically broke down manufacturing work into small discrete tasks and then analyzed how best to use workers to do each task as efficiently as possible.

Henry Ford's assembly line was an example of this approach.

which cabinet members did coolidge keep

Hughes, Mellon, and Hoover

What was the success of the Washington Conference?

It resulted in several countries agreeing to a moratorium on the construction of warships.

who announced they would not extend the treaty past 1936

Japan

who declined to sign the treaty in 1935

Japan and Italy

On August 27, 1928, the United States and 14 other nations signed the ______ All signing nations agreed to abandon war and to settle all disputes by peaceful means.

Kellogg-Briand Pact.

In 1925, Congress passed the ----, authorizing postal officials to hire private airplane operators to carry mail.

Kelly Act

Ford's assembly line product was the

Model T

In 1926, the ---- set up a network of stations to broadcast daily radio programs.

National Broadcasting Company (NBC)

He gave cabinet posts and other high-level jobs to friends and political allies from ___.

Ohio

Harding felt comfortable among his old friends, known as the

Ohio Gang

companies in the 1920s began conducting time and motion studies, applying the ideas in Frederick Tayler's ____

Principles of Scientific Management.

_____proposed a 10-year halt on the construction of new warships. this led to three arrangements:

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Powers Treaty

how did the americans feel about these scandals

Teapot Dome and the other scandals of the Harding administration increased Americans' distrust of the federal government and political leaders.

The United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan agreed on ratios for war ships, halting the arms race through 1936 in the

The London Naval Treaties

why were people angry about the progressive ideas

The distrust added to the growing frustration with progressive policies caused by World War I. Many progressive ideas depended on efficient, honest government to be effective. If the government was corrupt, it helped make the case for reducing the role of government in the economy.

What did Harding promise

a return to normalcy

In 1918, the postmaster general introduced the world's first

airmail service.

who did harding appoint as secretary of the treasury

and business tycoon Andrew Mellon

this cut unnecessary motion to a minimum

assembly line

A new kind of worker, the ______, appeared. Other forms of urban transportation, such as the ____, became less popular.

auto commuter trolley

who could be "silent in five languages."

calvin coolidge

which was more common: cars or bathtubs with running water

cars

Shifting from traditional attitudes of thrift and prudence, Americans in the 1920s enthusiastically accepted their new role as ___.

consumers

This idea involved encouraging businesses to form trade associations that would voluntarily share information with the federal government to reduce costs and promote economic efficiency.

cooperative individualism

attitudes toward debt started changing, as people began believing in their ability to pay their debts over time. this led to a rise in

credit

Rather than relying on armed force to influence global policy during the 1920s, the U.S. used _______.

economic policies and arms agreements

Instead of relying on armed force and the collective security of the League of Nations, the United States tried to promote peace by using ____ and ______.

economic policies and arms control agreements

What was the main idea of returning to normalcy

end to the economic controls imposed during World War I -end to progressive experimentation -end to high taxes on the wealthy -end to government intervention in the economy

Advertisers also preyed on consumers' ____, such as insecurities about one's status or weight. For example, a 1923 advertisement for face cream read: "These premature lines are only the troubles of a skin allowed to be too dry. . . . The society woman keeps her skin smooth and fresh season in and season out."

fears and anxieties

who did harding appoint as secretary of commerce

former Food Administrator Herbert Hoover

who did harding appoint as secretary of state

former Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes

a problem many inventors faced was ____. this led to a boom in ____

getting people to buy things they didn't know they needed advertising

who's idea was cooperative individualism

hoover

besides from ____, ____, and ____, harding's other cabinet appointments were disasterious

hoover, mellon, hughes

economic concept of elasticity is

how sensitive product demand is to price.

Companies created many new products for the home. As indoor plumbing became more common, Americans' concern for --- led to the development of numerous household cleaning products.

hygiene

what did most americans favor

isolationism. This is the idea that the United States will be safer and more prosperous if it stays out of world affairs.

New appliances advertised as _____—such as electric irons, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and refrigerators—changed the way people cleaned their homes and clothing and prepared meals.

labor-savers

The Washington Conference did nothing to limit ----. It also angered the Japanese because it required Japan to maintain a smaller ____ than either the United States or Great Britain. It did, however, give Americans cause to look forward to a period of peace, recovery, and prosperity.

land forces navy

what made this possible

mass production Mass production, or large-scale manufacturing done with machinery, made these changes possible by increasing supply and reducing costs. Workers made more and the goods they bought cost less.

Ford was able to sell millions of cars by

mass production, reducing work hours to gain workers loyalty, increasing their pay, reducing price of car

supply-side economics were created by

mellon Mellon argued that if taxes were lower, businesses and some consumers would spend and invest their extra money. This would cause the economy to grow, and Americans would earn more money. The government then would collect more in taxes. This idea is known today as supply-side economics.

Managers were hired to run these divisions, freeing executives and owners from the day-to-day running of the companies. The large numbers of new managers helped expand the _____, adding to the nation's prosperity.

middle class

Advertisers linked products with qualities associated with the____, such as progress, convenience, leisure, success, and style.

modern era

what was the downfall of assembly lines

monotonous

did people thing harding was more or less calm that wilson

more People applauded the easygoing atmosphere of the Harding administration, replacing the reform and war fervor of President Wilson's last years.

Despite their debts, the major powers were involved in a costly postwar____

naval arms race.

did coolidge think the government should be involved in busniess

no. Coolidge believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that government should interfere with business and industry as little as possible.

was the nation actually isolationist

no. the United States was too powerful and too interconnected with other countries economically to be truly isolationist.

The Washington Conference inspired U.S. secretary of state Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand to propose a treaty to _____

outlaw war altogether.

Under Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, the nation tried to use its economic power to promote _____ and _____

peace and stability.

The Republicans promised the American people that the policies that had brought ___ would continue.

prosperity

the success of _____ persuaded Westinghouse to open other stations.

radio announcing harding's victory

disposable money

referring to the money remaining to an individual after deduction of taxes

By the early 1920s, many industries had already created modern organizational structures. Companies were split into divisions with functions such as ----, ----, and -----

sales, marketing, and accounting

What position did Herbert Hoover hold in the Coolidge administration?

secretary of commerce

who was involved in the Teapot Dome

secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall

During the Forbes Scandal, what was Colonel Charles Forbes accused of doing?

selling scarce medical supplies from veterans' hospitals for personal profit

what were some of the new work benefits

shorter shifts, 5 day work weeks instead of 6, 2 week paid vacations

Mellon's principle of cutting tax rates in order to stimulate the economy is known today as _______.

supply-side, or "trickle down," economics

Glenn Curtiss invented ailerons which were

surfaces attached to wings that could be tilted to steer the plane.

President Harding's cabinet appointments, including his friends from Ohio, were referred to as _______.

the Ohio Gang

Which famous scandal involved the secretary of the interior taking bribes to lease oil reserves to private interests?

the Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding wanted ____ out of the economy

the government The Harding administration committed itself to restoring economic growth and prosperity by getting the government out of the economy.

what were mellon's 3 goals

to balance the budget, to reduce the government's debt, and to cut taxes

Attorney General Harry Daugherty was accused of accepting bribes in order to _______.

transfer ownership of a German-owned chemical company seized during World War I

did it seem to the american people that they were isolationist

yes. It had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles and had not joined the League of Nations

By the end of the war, wartime allies owed the United States more than _____ in war debts.

$10 billion

The federal budget fell from $6.4 billion to less than ____ in seven years.

$3 billion

Sales of radio equipment grew from $10.6 million in 1921 to ---- in 1929, by which time more than ____ radios were in use across the country.

$411 million 12 million

By 1928, Congress had reduced the income tax rate most Americans paid to ___ percent, down from 4 percent.

0.5

Americans experienced the first presidential election campaign to use radio in ___, when the radio networks sold more than $1 million in advertising time to the Republican and Democratic Parties.

1928

They cut the rate for the wealthiest Americans to ___ percent, down from 73 percent.

25

By 1928, ____ airlines were serving ___ American cities.

48 355

Americans bought ____ of their radios and _____of their automobiles on the installment plan. Some started buying on credit at a rate exceeding their income.

75% 60%

In 1914, workers were building an automobile every ____. By 1925, a Ford car was rolling off the line every _____

93 minutes 10 seconds.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.