Chapter 17 - The Jazz Age 1921-1929
which groups struggled during the boom
African Americans, Native Americans, immigrants, Deep South
The ____ provided federal aid to build airports.
Air Commerce Act of 1926
what was the Teapot Dome
Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. In return, Fall received bribes from these private interests totaling more than $300,000.
who said, '"The air [would be] heavy with tobacco smoke, trays with bottles containing every imaginable brand of whiskey . . . cards and poker chips at hand—a general atmosphere of waistcoat unbuttoned, feet on desk, and spittoons alongside."
Alice Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt
Which two of Harding's appointees remained under President Coolidge and contributed greatly to the prosperity of the 1920s?
Andrew Mellon and Herbert Hoover
______ was investigated for accepting bribes from a German agent seeking to buy a German-owned company that had been seized by the U.S. government during World War I.
Attorney General Harry Daugherty
In 1921, the United States invited representatives from eight major countries—________—to Washington, D.C., to discuss disarmament.
Britain, France, Italy, China, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal
American diplomat ----- negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany to help the countries pay their debts
Charles G. Dawes
The transatlantic solo flight of former airmail pilot ____ in 1927 banished doubt about the potential of aircraft.
Charles Lindbergh
Finally, all the participant countries signed the Nine-Powers Treaty, which guaranteed ___ independence.
China's
____sold scarce medical supplies from veterans' hospitals and kept the money for himself. He cost the public about $250 million.
Colonel Charles R. Forbes
In 1928, the _____ assembled a coast-to-coast network of stations to rival NBC.
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
why was daugherty later dismissed by coolidge
Daugherty refused to open Justice Department files to a congressional committee. He also refused to testify under oath, claiming immunity, or freedom from prosecution, on the grounds that he had had confidential dealings with President Harding. Daugherty was later dismissed by President Coolidge.
In 1913, American engineer ____ invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long-range radio.
Edwin Armstrong
Who was the first cabinet official in U.S. history to go to prison?
Fall
who was the first cabinet secretary to go to prison
Fall
In the _______, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States essentially formalized Hughes's proposal.
Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty
The ____ between the United States, Japan, France, and Great Britain recognized each country's island possessions in the Pacific.
Four-Power Treaty
in the Dawes Plan, American banks would make loans to ____ to help it to make reparations payments. In exchange, ____ and ____ would accept ___ in reparations and pay back ____ on their war debts to the United States.
Germany Britain and France less, more
___ led the aviation industry
Glenn Curtiss
Who was the president in 1920?
Harding
n 1913, automaker ____ installed the first moving assembly line at a plant in Highland Park, Michigan.
Henry Ford
______was an example of taylor's approach of systematically broke down manufacturing work into small discrete tasks and then analyzed how best to use workers to do each task as efficiently as possible.
Henry Ford's assembly line was an example of this approach.
which cabinet members did coolidge keep
Hughes, Mellon, and Hoover
What was the success of the Washington Conference?
It resulted in several countries agreeing to a moratorium on the construction of warships.
who announced they would not extend the treaty past 1936
Japan
who declined to sign the treaty in 1935
Japan and Italy
On August 27, 1928, the United States and 14 other nations signed the ______ All signing nations agreed to abandon war and to settle all disputes by peaceful means.
Kellogg-Briand Pact.
In 1925, Congress passed the ----, authorizing postal officials to hire private airplane operators to carry mail.
Kelly Act
Ford's assembly line product was the
Model T
In 1926, the ---- set up a network of stations to broadcast daily radio programs.
National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
He gave cabinet posts and other high-level jobs to friends and political allies from ___.
Ohio
Harding felt comfortable among his old friends, known as the
Ohio Gang
companies in the 1920s began conducting time and motion studies, applying the ideas in Frederick Tayler's ____
Principles of Scientific Management.
_____proposed a 10-year halt on the construction of new warships. this led to three arrangements:
Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Powers Treaty
how did the americans feel about these scandals
Teapot Dome and the other scandals of the Harding administration increased Americans' distrust of the federal government and political leaders.
The United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan agreed on ratios for war ships, halting the arms race through 1936 in the
The London Naval Treaties
why were people angry about the progressive ideas
The distrust added to the growing frustration with progressive policies caused by World War I. Many progressive ideas depended on efficient, honest government to be effective. If the government was corrupt, it helped make the case for reducing the role of government in the economy.
What did Harding promise
a return to normalcy
In 1918, the postmaster general introduced the world's first
airmail service.
who did harding appoint as secretary of the treasury
and business tycoon Andrew Mellon
this cut unnecessary motion to a minimum
assembly line
A new kind of worker, the ______, appeared. Other forms of urban transportation, such as the ____, became less popular.
auto commuter trolley
who could be "silent in five languages."
calvin coolidge
which was more common: cars or bathtubs with running water
cars
Shifting from traditional attitudes of thrift and prudence, Americans in the 1920s enthusiastically accepted their new role as ___.
consumers
This idea involved encouraging businesses to form trade associations that would voluntarily share information with the federal government to reduce costs and promote economic efficiency.
cooperative individualism
attitudes toward debt started changing, as people began believing in their ability to pay their debts over time. this led to a rise in
credit
Rather than relying on armed force to influence global policy during the 1920s, the U.S. used _______.
economic policies and arms agreements
Instead of relying on armed force and the collective security of the League of Nations, the United States tried to promote peace by using ____ and ______.
economic policies and arms control agreements
What was the main idea of returning to normalcy
end to the economic controls imposed during World War I -end to progressive experimentation -end to high taxes on the wealthy -end to government intervention in the economy
Advertisers also preyed on consumers' ____, such as insecurities about one's status or weight. For example, a 1923 advertisement for face cream read: "These premature lines are only the troubles of a skin allowed to be too dry. . . . The society woman keeps her skin smooth and fresh season in and season out."
fears and anxieties
who did harding appoint as secretary of commerce
former Food Administrator Herbert Hoover
who did harding appoint as secretary of state
former Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes
a problem many inventors faced was ____. this led to a boom in ____
getting people to buy things they didn't know they needed advertising
who's idea was cooperative individualism
hoover
besides from ____, ____, and ____, harding's other cabinet appointments were disasterious
hoover, mellon, hughes
economic concept of elasticity is
how sensitive product demand is to price.
Companies created many new products for the home. As indoor plumbing became more common, Americans' concern for --- led to the development of numerous household cleaning products.
hygiene
what did most americans favor
isolationism. This is the idea that the United States will be safer and more prosperous if it stays out of world affairs.
New appliances advertised as _____—such as electric irons, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and refrigerators—changed the way people cleaned their homes and clothing and prepared meals.
labor-savers
The Washington Conference did nothing to limit ----. It also angered the Japanese because it required Japan to maintain a smaller ____ than either the United States or Great Britain. It did, however, give Americans cause to look forward to a period of peace, recovery, and prosperity.
land forces navy
what made this possible
mass production Mass production, or large-scale manufacturing done with machinery, made these changes possible by increasing supply and reducing costs. Workers made more and the goods they bought cost less.
Ford was able to sell millions of cars by
mass production, reducing work hours to gain workers loyalty, increasing their pay, reducing price of car
supply-side economics were created by
mellon Mellon argued that if taxes were lower, businesses and some consumers would spend and invest their extra money. This would cause the economy to grow, and Americans would earn more money. The government then would collect more in taxes. This idea is known today as supply-side economics.
Managers were hired to run these divisions, freeing executives and owners from the day-to-day running of the companies. The large numbers of new managers helped expand the _____, adding to the nation's prosperity.
middle class
Advertisers linked products with qualities associated with the____, such as progress, convenience, leisure, success, and style.
modern era
what was the downfall of assembly lines
monotonous
did people thing harding was more or less calm that wilson
more People applauded the easygoing atmosphere of the Harding administration, replacing the reform and war fervor of President Wilson's last years.
Despite their debts, the major powers were involved in a costly postwar____
naval arms race.
did coolidge think the government should be involved in busniess
no. Coolidge believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that government should interfere with business and industry as little as possible.
was the nation actually isolationist
no. the United States was too powerful and too interconnected with other countries economically to be truly isolationist.
The Washington Conference inspired U.S. secretary of state Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand to propose a treaty to _____
outlaw war altogether.
Under Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, the nation tried to use its economic power to promote _____ and _____
peace and stability.
The Republicans promised the American people that the policies that had brought ___ would continue.
prosperity
the success of _____ persuaded Westinghouse to open other stations.
radio announcing harding's victory
disposable money
referring to the money remaining to an individual after deduction of taxes
By the early 1920s, many industries had already created modern organizational structures. Companies were split into divisions with functions such as ----, ----, and -----
sales, marketing, and accounting
What position did Herbert Hoover hold in the Coolidge administration?
secretary of commerce
who was involved in the Teapot Dome
secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall
During the Forbes Scandal, what was Colonel Charles Forbes accused of doing?
selling scarce medical supplies from veterans' hospitals for personal profit
what were some of the new work benefits
shorter shifts, 5 day work weeks instead of 6, 2 week paid vacations
Mellon's principle of cutting tax rates in order to stimulate the economy is known today as _______.
supply-side, or "trickle down," economics
Glenn Curtiss invented ailerons which were
surfaces attached to wings that could be tilted to steer the plane.
President Harding's cabinet appointments, including his friends from Ohio, were referred to as _______.
the Ohio Gang
Which famous scandal involved the secretary of the interior taking bribes to lease oil reserves to private interests?
the Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding wanted ____ out of the economy
the government The Harding administration committed itself to restoring economic growth and prosperity by getting the government out of the economy.
what were mellon's 3 goals
to balance the budget, to reduce the government's debt, and to cut taxes
Attorney General Harry Daugherty was accused of accepting bribes in order to _______.
transfer ownership of a German-owned chemical company seized during World War I
did it seem to the american people that they were isolationist
yes. It had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles and had not joined the League of Nations
By the end of the war, wartime allies owed the United States more than _____ in war debts.
$10 billion
The federal budget fell from $6.4 billion to less than ____ in seven years.
$3 billion
Sales of radio equipment grew from $10.6 million in 1921 to ---- in 1929, by which time more than ____ radios were in use across the country.
$411 million 12 million
By 1928, Congress had reduced the income tax rate most Americans paid to ___ percent, down from 4 percent.
0.5
Americans experienced the first presidential election campaign to use radio in ___, when the radio networks sold more than $1 million in advertising time to the Republican and Democratic Parties.
1928
They cut the rate for the wealthiest Americans to ___ percent, down from 73 percent.
25
By 1928, ____ airlines were serving ___ American cities.
48 355
Americans bought ____ of their radios and _____of their automobiles on the installment plan. Some started buying on credit at a rate exceeding their income.
75% 60%
In 1914, workers were building an automobile every ____. By 1925, a Ford car was rolling off the line every _____
93 minutes 10 seconds.
Dawes Plan
A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.