Chapter 18

24. During spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium containing

a. 46 chromosomes yields 16 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes.

26. During spermatogenesis

a. FSH is required for spermatid remodeling. b. spermatogonia divide by mitosis c. testosterone is essential for both mitosis and meiosis of the germ cells. d. both (a) and (c) above. e. all of the above ANS: E

80. Which of the following statements concerning implantation is correct?

a. Implantation is accomplished by enzymatic activity of the trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst. b. The endometrium at the site of implantation is converted into the nutrient-rich decidua. d. Both (a) and (b) above are correct. ANS: D

50. Which of the following statements concerning spermatogenesis and oogenesis is incorrect?

a. One primary spermatocyte or one primary oocyte containing 46 chromosomes respectively yields two spermatozoa or two ova, each containing 23 chromosomes.

85. Which of the following statements concerning the placenta is correct?

a. The placenta secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone.

66. During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle,

a. a new ovarian follicular phase is beginning. b. estrogen and progesterone levels reach their lowest concentration. c. vasoconstriction of the uterine vessels occurs in response to release of a uterine prostaglandin. d. the corpus luteum degenerates. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

74. Fertilization is characterized by

a. a sperm's fertilin proteins binding to the ovum's integrin molecules. b. a block to polyspermy. e. both (a) and (b) above. ANS: E

46. FSH is

a. an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates antrum formation in developing ovarian follicles.

44. GnRH is secreted from the ____ and stimulates ____ secretion

a. anterior pituitary, FSH

42. Which of the following is not a component of the overall ejaculatory response?

a. arterioles supplying the penis dilate, causing the erectile tissue to fill with blood and the penis to become erect.

4. The gonads

a. consist of a pair of testes in males and ovaries in females. b. produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. d. both (a) and (b) above. ANS: D

48. Which layer of the uterus is shed each month with menstruation?

a. endometrium.

53. Ovulation is associated with the rapid rise of which ovarian hormone?

a. estrogen

102. During pregnancy mammary gland development is stimulated by

a. estrogen. b. progesterone. c. prolactin. d. human chorionic somatomammotropin. e. all these answers. ANS: E

107. Progesterone

a. exerts a strong inhibitory influence on the uterine musculature.

77. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum secretes ____ levels of estrogen and ____ levels of progesterone

a. high, high

104. NF-κB promotes labor by

a. increasing levels of cytokines and prostaglandins

105. Suckling

a. induces milk secretion due to prolactin release. b. induces milk ejection due to oxytocin release. c. inhibits LH and FSH secretion. d. both (a) and (b) above. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

76. Implantation

a. is accomplished as the trophoblastic cells break down the endometrial tissue. b. occurs during the secretory, or progestational, phase of the menstrual cycle. d. both (a) and (b) above. ANS: D

98. Oxytocin

a. is an extremely potent uterine muscle stimulant. b. is involved in a positive feedback cycle during parturition. c. is produced in the hypothalamus. d. both (a) and (b) above. e. all of these answers. E

45. The number of primary oocytes in a female

a. is decreased continually throughout her reproductive life from puberty to menopause.

32. Inhibin

a. is produced by the Sertoli cells. c. signals the pituitary gland. d. both (a) and (c) above. ANS: D

14. Testosterone

a. is responsible for the male secondary sexual characteristics. b. stimulates spermatogenesis. c. acts in negative-feedback fashion on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. d. secretion is stimulated by LH. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

11. Testosterone

a. is secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes. b. exerts a general protein anabolic effect. c. causes enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords. d. both (a) and (b) above. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

92. Amniotic fluid

a. is similar in composition to ECF

97. CRH is important because

a. it induces fetal cortisol production. b. it results in fetal lung development. d. both (a) and (b) above. ANS: D

69. During which phase of the uterine cycle is the secretion of progesterone not at a significant level?

a. menstrual phase b. proliferative phase d. both (a) and (b) above. ANS: D

65. The proliferative phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle

a. occurs when the ovarian cycle is in the follicular phase. b. lasts from menstruation to ovulation. c. occurs when the endometrium is repairing itself and thickening under the influence of estrogen. d. two of these answers. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

99. Which of the following stimulates uterine contractions

a. oxytocin from the posterior pituitary b. prostaglandin from the decidua d. both (a) and (b) above. ANS: D

18. The testes are located outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac to

a. permit spermatogenesis. b. protect the gonads against injury. c. permit testosterone secretion. d. maintain the testes at a lower than normal body temperature for normal testicular function. e. any two of the above ANS: E

38. Select the structure with the diploid chromosome number.

a. primary spermatocyte

103. Which of the following is not thought to play a role in labor?

a. prolactin

52. LH is responsible for

a. reinitiation of meiosis in the oocytes of developing follicles. b. halting estrogen synthesis by the follicular cells. c. triggering ovulation. d. formation of the corpus luteum. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

35. The prostate gland

a. secretes an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions.

29. GnRH

a. stimulates both FSH and LH secretion. b. is inhibited by testosterone. c. has low-level activity during the prepubertal period. d. both stimulates both FSH and LH secretion and is inhibited by testosterone. e. all of these answers. ANS: E

2. The primary reproductive organs in the male include the

a. testes.

56. Why are polar bodies formed in oogenesis?

a. to produce 4 gametes each with adequate amounts of nutrients. c. to dispose of extra chromosomes. e. both (a) and (c) above. ANS: E

73. During fertilization, sperm bind to specific receptor sites on the surface of the

a. zona pellucida.

49. One primary spermatocyte containing ____ chromosomes yields ____ spermatozoa containing ____ chromosomes, whereas one primary oocyte containing ____ chromosomes yields ____ ova (ovum) containing ____ chromosomes.

b. 46, 4, 23, 46, 1, 23

22. Spermatogenesis is directly controlled by

b. FSH.

61. Which of the following statements concerning control of ovarian hormone secretion is incorrect?

b. Under the influence of estrogen from developing follicles, FSH and LH secretion both continue to decline throughout the follicular phase.

70. Menstruation is initiated by

b. a rapid drop in estrogen levels. c. a rapid drop in progesterone levels. e. both (b) and (c) above. ANS: E

83. Implantation of the __________ occurs _______ days after fertilization

b. blastocyst/7

96. Oxytocin

b. causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli of the breast.

25. Which female structure has a similar tissue composition as the penis.

b. clitoris.

5. Which of the following is a female accessory sex organ?

b. clitoris.

63. An increase in the level of estrogen in the ovarian cycle feeds back to ____ the secretion of FSH and ____ the secretion of LH.

b. decrease, increase

58. What ovarian hormone(s) is secreted during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

b. estrogen

43. Which of the following is the proper sequence of phases in the sexual response cycle?

b. excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution.

78. During the follicular phase, the ovary secretes ____ levels of estrogen and ____ levels of

b. high, low

86. Human chorionic gonadotropin

b. in the urine is the basis of pregnancy diagnosis tests.

23. A secondary spermatocyte

b. is haploid with duplicated chromosomes.

12. Which of the following statements concerning testosterone is incorrect? Testosterone

b. is secreted by the seminiferous tubules.

64. Which of the following is the proper sequence of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

b. menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation, progestational phase.

55. Which ovarian hormone is secreted at negligible levels during the first half of the ovarian cycle?

b. progesterone

31. During spermatogenesis, the first meiotic division yields two ____, and the second meiotic division yields four ____.

b. secondary spermatocytes, spermatids

16. Which statement is true?

b. sperm and egg are haploid cells

36. The seminal vesicles

b. supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy.

82. The trophoblast of the blastocyst is destined to become

b. the fetal portion of the placenta.

10. The factor responsible for differentiating the embryonic gonads into testes is

b. the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome.

81. In the blastocyst, the

b. trophoblast is destined to become the fetal portion of the placenta.

3. In addition to the gonads, the reproductive system includes all of the following except:

b. urinary bladder

95. Which characteristics is consistent of a woman entering the first stages of labor?

b. uterus is 100 times more response to oxytocin compared to pre-pregnancy

72. The normal site of implantation is the

b. uterus.

88. During which week of pregnancy does hCG output decline?

c. 10

84. The placenta performs the functions of all of the following systems for the fetus except

c. circulation.

87. What is the source of estrogen and progesterone during the first ten weeks of pregnancy?

c. corpus luteum of pregnancy

54. The corpus luteum

c. develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.

79. Implantation normally occurs

c. during the secretory, or progestational, phase.

39. Which is the correct sequence of structures sperm travels through prior to ejaculation?

c. epididymis---ductus deferens---ejaculatory duct---urethra.

15. Sperm cells are stored for maturation in the

c. epididymis.

21. Spermatogenesis

c. is controlled by both testosterone and FSH.

93. Which of the following statements concerning human chorionic gonadotropin is incorrect?

c. it is secreted by the corpus luteum of pregnancy.

40. Which value related to semen production is correct?

c. maximal sperm count is about 400 million

47. During oogenesis,

c. one primary oocyte yields 1 mature ovum.

68. Postmenopausal women are not completely devoid of estrogen because all of the following produce estrogen except

c. ovaries

71. The normal site of fertilization is the

c. oviduct.

34. The prostate gland

c. secretes an alkaline medium that is important to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions.

28. Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells?

c. secreting testosterone

17. Which of the following is not stimulated by testosterone?

c. spermatid remodeling.

30. LH stimulates which cells to synthesize androgens?

c. theca

91. The placenta coverts what hormone into estrogen?

d. DHEA from fetal adrenal cortex

106. Which of the following statements concerning estrogen is incorrect?

d. It causes the cervical mucus to become thick and sticky.

51. Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is correct?

d. Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division

8. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics?

d. both testosterone and estrogen.

27. The acrosome of the spermatozoon

d. contains enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the ovum.

60. FSH stimulates which cells to synthesize estrogen from androgens?

d. granulosa

90. The presence of what hormone in the urine forms the basis of pregnancy diagnosis tests?

d. human chorionic gonadotropin

94. The third stage of labor

d. involves delivery of the placenta.

9. Phenotypic sex:

d. is based on genetic, anatomical and hormonal differences

101. Involution occurs because

d. of a fall in circulating estrogen and progesterone

6. Which is not a function of the primary sex organs?

d. production of seminal fluids.

57. Which of the following does not occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

d. progesterone secretion

37. Which of the following is not a function of the seminal vesicles?

d. secreting an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions.

100. During involution, the uterus ____ to its ____ stage.

d. shrinks, pregestational

75. A chemical change in which structure prevents polyspermy fertilization?

d. zona pellucida

62. Which of the following factors contributes to follicular development and ovulation?

e. LH and estrogen

13. Which cells make androgen binding protein?

e. Sertoli

59. What hormone(s) is secreted by the corpus luteum?

e. both estrogen and progesterone

33. Which structure secretes lubricating fluid prior to ejaculation?

e. bulbo-urethral glands

19. In both sexes, the reproductive changes that take place during puberty include all of the following except

e. development of muscle and loss of fat

67. What hormone is only present upon a successful fertilization

e. hCG

1. Which structure below secretes male sex hormone?

e. interstitial cells.

41. Which of the following is not true regarding penile erection?

e. is a higher order brain reflex

7. Which of the following is the correct order in which the glands add seminal fluid to migrating

e. seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

20. Select the structure that serves as a common passageway for two tracts in the male.

e. urethra

89. The normal sequence of developmental stages is

e. zygote--morula--blastocyst--embryo--fetus.