Chapter 18-LS

what are some possible causes for leukocytosis? - dehydration -infection -allergy -polycythemia

- dehydration -infection -allergy

List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant

1. neutrophils 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 4. eosinophils 5. basophils

which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport O2?

Erythrocytes

Match the precursor cell with the cells that arise from each

Monocytes from monoblasts Lymphocytes from lymphoblasts Erythrocytes from erythroblasts Granulocytes from myeloblasts

match each type of leukocyte to its percentage of total WBCs in healthy individuals

Neutrophils - 60% to 70% Eosinophils - 2% to 4% Basophils - <0.5% Lymphocytes -25% to 33% Monocytes - 3% to 8%

which granulocyte has large, dark-staining granules that contain heparin and histamine?

basophils

which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?

eosinophils

the clotting casade that originates from within the blood itself is called ____

intrinsic

which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages

monocytes

THE reproduction of fibroblasts and smooth muscles during injury repair is triggered by

platelet-derived growth factor

as platelets aggregrated during the second step of hemostasis, which event occur

platelets degranulate resulting in release of thromboxaneA , ADP and serotin

CANCER of erythropoietic line can lead to which

primary polycythemia

what is colloid osmotic pressure

the contribution of plasma proteins to the osmotic pressure of the plasma

WHATisfactorX?

the first factor shared by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

what role do kidneys play in erythrocyte homeostasis?

they detect hypoxemia and secrete erythropoietin

WHAT STATEMENT is true about erythrocytes

they lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation

How is fibrin formed?

thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin

what is a condition that platelet count is less than 100,000

thrombocytopenia

what is the process of platelet formation

thrombopoiesis

which values are correct for human blood?

volume in females: 4-5L and volumes in males: 5-6L pH: 7.35-7.45 osmolarity: 280-296mOsm/L total WBC count: 5,000-10,000

Describe normal erythrocytes. select all that apply - have a complex nucleus - contain mitochondria and other organelles - have a biconcave shape - contain hemoglobin to transport gases like O2

- have a biconcave shape - contain hemoglobin to transport gases like O2. during maturation, erythrocytes lose their nucleus and organelles.

which can cause anemia? select all apply - increase hemolysis - hemorrhage -inadequate hemoglobin synthesis -increased erythropoiesis

- increased hemolysis (rupturing of RBC) - hemorrhage -inadequate hemoglobin synthesis

WHICH mechanisms are used by the body to prevent inappropriate clotting ?

- presence of anticoagulants such as heparin and antithrombin - platelet repulsion caused by prostacyclin - dilution of clotting factors

Which of the following may cause hemolytic anemia? select all - sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria - iron or vitamin B deficiency - snake and spider venom - penicillin allergy - blood type incompatibilities

- sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria - snake and spider venom - penicillin allergy - blood type incompatibilities Iron or vitamin B deficiency would be a lack of raw materials for production of RBCs and the resulting anemia would be considered aplastic anemia, not hemolytic anemia

True or False: coagulation involves only two chemical reactions

F

True of false: erythrocytes circulate about 120 days before they die

True

WHAT IS hemostasis

physiological process that controls excessive bleeding

FACTOR X combines with factors III and V to produce___ activator, which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin

prothrombin

the process by which cots become more compact is called clot

retraction

which conditin can be caused by emphysema, high altitude, hypoxemia or dehydration?

secondary polycythemia

old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ

spleen

IRON needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. what converts Fe3+ to Fe2+

stomach acid

what are some causes of hypoxemia?

-COPD -Abrupt increases in activity level -emphysema

Decreased blood osmolarity could cause which? -increased blood viscosity -edema -increased reabsorption of tissue fluid -low blood pressure

-Edema -low blood pressure

what are some consequences of anemia?

-decreased blood osmolarity -decreased blood viscosity -hypoxia

Which would directly reduce blood viscosity?

-decreased hematorcit -protein deficiency

Which nutrients are necessary for erythropoiesis?

-folic acid -vitamin C -copper

The cardiovascular (not circulatory) system includes what?

-heart -blood vessels blood is a component of the circulatory system but not the cardiovascular system

WHICH CLinical measurements express the blood's ability to carry O2.

-hematocrit -hemoglobin concentration -RBC count

iron is a crucial component of which of the following? - hemoglobin - albumin -myoglobin -cytochromes

-hemoglobin -myoglobin -cytochromes

which are functions of the circulatory system? select all apply -it carries O2 from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs -it helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body -it neutralizes toxins and helps to destroy pathogens -it absorbs lipids through lacteals in the digestive system

-it carries O2 from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs -it helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body -it neutralizes toxins and helps to destroy pathogens blood picks up nutrients from the digestive system, but absorption of lipids through lacteals is a function of the lymphatic system

Platelets contain which?

-mitochondria -granules -lysosomes

how does the body use iron? select all apply. -nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria -the muscles use Fe2+ to make myoglobin -the bone marrow use iron for hemoglobin synthesis -iron is transported in the blood by an alpha globulin called ceruloplasmin

-nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria -the muscles use Fe2+ to make myoglobin -the bone marrow use iron for hemoglobin synthesis

which of the following is transported in plasma? -bile -nutrients -dissolved gases -nitrogenous wastes

-nutrients -dissolved gases -nitrogenous wastes

list the components of blood

-plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets

which statements about platelets are true? select all that apply. -platelets contribute more than the WBCs to the blood volume -they are the most abundant formed elements -platelets are very small -a normal platelet count ranges from 130,000 to 400,000 platelets -they are not cells but small fragments of megakaryocytes

-platelets are very small -a normal platelet count ranges from 130,000 to 400,000 platelets -they are not cells but small fragments of megakaryocytes

platelets perform which of the following? select all apply/ -release factors that attract WBCs. -promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots -release vasoconstrictors -present phagocytized antigens on their membranes

-release factors that attract WBCs. -promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots -release vasoconstrictors

WHICH of the following are functions of lymphocytes?

-serve in immune memory -destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells -coordinate actions of other immune cells -"present" antigens to activate other cells of immune system large parasites are destroyed by eosinophils. histamine is secreted by basophils.

Which statements are true about neutrophils? -they are agranulocytes -they have multi lobed nuclei when mature -their count only rises in response to parasite infections -they are the most abundant leukocyte

-they have multi lobed nuclei when mature -they are the most abundant leukocyte

what are possible causes of hypoplastic or aplastic anemia?

-viruses -drugs and poisons -autoimmune disease -radiation

Place the steps of hemostasis in the correct order, starting with what happens first

1-Vascular spasm 2-platelet plug formation 3-blood coagulation

place the steps of iron metabolism in order. start with absorption from the intestine and end with its distribution to the body

1. absorbed Fe2+ binds to transferrin in plasma 2. some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver 3. Fe2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin 4. remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used

List in order the events of platelet plug formation.

1. contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface 2. platelets grow long spiny pseudopods 3. pseudopods contract and draw the vessel walls together 4. mass of platelets forms a platelet plug

Place the main steps of WBC development in order

1. hemopoietic stem cells 2. colony forming units 3. precursor cells 4. mature cells

LIST in order the stages of erythropoiesis. start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes

1. hemopoietic stem cells 2. colony-forming units 3. erythroblasts 4. reticulocytes 5. erythrocytes

Place the events of heme disposal in order, starting with what happens first.

1. macrophages remove the iron 2. macrophages convert the heme into billiverdin 3. a yellow-green pigment called billirubin is formed

HOW ARE plasma components continuously replaced in the body?

1. most plasma proteins are produced by liver 2. gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells 3. water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract

list in order the events that occur during fibrinolysis

1. prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein 2. kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin 3. plasmin dissolves the blood clot

How do reticulocytes differ from mature RBC?

1. reticulocytes have polyribosomes, but RBCs do not 2. RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes.

One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?

4 globin chains and 4 heme groups

LIFESPAN OF platetes

5 to 6 days

blood agglutinates when anti-A and anti-B antisera are added to the slide.what blood type?

AB Since type AB blood has both A and B antigens, it will be agglutinated by the anti-A and the anti-B antibodies in the serum

list the type of globulin found in human plasma?

Alpha, beta, and gamma

a person tells you that she has A+ blood. which antigens are expressed on the surface of her RBCs?

Antigen A, Antigen D - a person with D antigen is considered as Rh+

Name the discipline that specifically deals with the study of blood

Hematology

Iron is critical for the synthesis of _____, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Match the blood cell disorder with its description

Leukopenia - Total WBC count below 5,000 Leukocytosis -total WBC count above 10,000 Leukemia -cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes Polycythemia - abnormally high red blood cell count

what is the most common ion found in the plasma and is the solute with the greatest influence on osmolarity of the blood

SODIUM

True/F: transfusion reactions when antibodies in the recipient's blood bind to the antigens on the donor's RBCs and agglutinate the donated blood.

T

WHAT IS TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN? a

a compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway

what is a hematoma?

a mass of clotted blood in the tissues

WHAT IS urobilinogen

a product formed from bilirubin by intestinal bacteria

what is vascular spasm?

a short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss

which are cytoskeletal componenst that improve the resilience and durability of RBC

actin and spectrin

red blood cells have specific antigens on their surfaces called ___. these antigens determine blood type

agglutinogens

match each type of plasma protein to its role

albumin - solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity globulins-immunity fibrinogen-clotting

What is hemophilla?

an inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors

WHAT ARE agglutinins?

antibodies that bind to RBC antigens

HEMOSTASIS usually involves which mechanisms of coagulation

both intrinsic and extrinsic

The interaction of protein factors to produce a clot is called_____

coagulation

WHAT IS the main goal of coagulation?

conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

match the following chemicals/drugs with their mechanism of action in preventing formation of blood clots.

coumadin/warfarin - antagonizes vitamin K EDTA - binds calcium ions and prevent them from participating in the coagulation reactions Aspirin - suppresses the formation of the eicosanoid thromboxane A2

match the following blood disorders with their description

disseminated intravascular coagulation - clotting and hemorrhaging, limited to one organ or occuring throughout the body infectious mononucleosis - epsterin-barr virus affects B lymphocytes. it is transmitted by kissing. causes fever, fatigue and sore throat septicemia - bacteria in the bloodstream accompanying infection elsewhere in the body thalassemia - hereditary anemia common in ppl of mediterranean descent, alpha or beta hemoglobin is abnormal

what is a blood clot that breaks loose and travels in the bloodstream

embolus A thrombus is a stationary blood clot stuck in a vessel or heart chamber. if it breaks free, it is considered a embolus

hemopoiesis is the production of all formed elements. the term___ is defined as the production of red blood cells specifically

erythropoiesis

THE EXTRINSIC MECHANISM OF coagulation is initiated by ?

factors released by damaged blood vessels (thromboplastin)

which plasma component is not present in serum

fibrinogen

antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins

gamma globulins

IRON IS transported from the stomach to intestine bound to a protein called

gastroferritin transferrion is plasma protein that binds to iron so it can be transported to bone marrow, liver and other tissues

match each alpha globulin to its role

haptoglobulin - transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes ceruloplasmin - transports copper prothrombin - promotes blood clotting

Sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are hereditary defects in which?

hemoglobin

Which protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH

hemoglobin

iron is critical for the synthesis of what, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells

hemoglobin

MATCH THE type of hemoglobin with its description

hemoglobin HbA - the most common type in the adult; contains two alpha chain and two beta globin chains Hemoglobin HbA2- about 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two delta globin chains Hemoglobin HbF-fetal hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly

phototherapy and exchange transfusion together can be used to treat

hemolytic disease of the newborn

describe how billirubin is processed after it's synthesized

it binds to albumin, added to bile in the liver, and converted into urobilinogen in the intestine

WHAT IS The functional role of platelet-derived growth factor

it stimulates mitosis in smooth muscles and fibroblasts

whats the fate of billirubin in the intestine

its converted to urobilinogen

high levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called

jaundice

what is the least common formed elements of the blood

leukocytes

the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called

myeloid hemopoiesis blood formation in the bone marrow is called myeloid hemopoiesis. blood formation in the lymphatic organs is called lymphoid hemopoiesis

a lack of intrinsic factor and vitamin b12 may cause the form of anemia called

pernicious anemia

__ is the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases

plasma

WHAT is the role of plasma cells?

produce gamma globulins Plasma cells are descended from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)

what is leukopoiesis?

production of WBCs

which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?

production of red blood cells takes about one month- WRONG! takes 3-5 days About one million red blood cells are formed per second about 20mL of packed RBCs are produced per day an erythrocyte lives for an average about 120 days

BLOOD vessel linings are very smooth and coated with the chemical___ which prevents platelet adhesion and unwanted clotting

prostacyclin

What is viscosity?

the resistance of a fluid to flow due to particle cohesion

THE abnormal clotting of blood inside an unbroken blood vessel is called

thrombosis

The abnormal clotting of blood inside an unbroken blood vessel is called

thrombosis

an individual with B antigens on their RBCs, but no A antigens, has which ABO blood type?

type B