Chapter 19
Alfred Thayer Mahan
"Influence of Sea Power"- Naval instructor= Need a great navy to expand power around the globe.
The Republicans are back
"Old guard" rules Rep. Party -Nominate W.G. Harding -Crushes Democrat James Cox
Josiah Strong
"Our Country" (1875)
Justification of New Imperialism
"Social Darwinistic" rationale of bringing civilization and Christianity (wanted to expand) to the "primitive" peoples of these continents.
Harding Administration
"Turns back the clock" -"Vacation from responsibility" -Return to Private interest
Prohibition
-Alcohol associated w/cities, immigrants -Problems w/enforcement
"Spiritual Fatigue"
-America tired of Crusading: Progressive Era---WWI :Turns inward/decline of idealism
"Seward's Icebox"
1867 American buys Alaska from Russia- American citizens did not believe this was a good idea.
The Red Scare
A short-lived but intense period of political intolerance inspired by the postwar strike wave and the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian Revolution. -Attorney General A. Mitchell ordered the raid of offices of radical and labor organizations throughout the country. -5,000 persons were arrested, most of them without warrants, and held for months without warrants, and held for months without charge.
Panama canal zone
A ten-mile-wide strip of land through which the route would run.
American Patriots
Army segregated 400k blacks serve: Not allowed to march in send off parade.
Platt Amendment
Cuban Constitution -US asserts right to militarily intervene in Cuba -Asserts access to naval base at Guantanamo Bay
"To Arms"
Germans and Austrians mobilize in response to Russia France mobilizes Italy backs out of Triple Alliance (w/Germany and Austria)
Supreme Court reinforces return to Private Interest
Harding appoints 4 conservative judges Rolls back Progressive Reforms
369th infantry
Harlem Hellfighters
"Crossroads of the Pacific"
Hawaii- earliest crossroad. Key economic and strategic acquisition.
ReBirth of the Klan
KKK Rides Nativist wave - "New" Klan focuses on immigrants>blacks -Reaches 5 million members.
Significance of imperial expansion
The debate over imperial expansion is significant because it symbolizes another round in the contest over how to define freedom.
War Industries Board
Tries to control raw material/prices/wages/labor A committee created before World War I whose task was to help mobilize the American economy for possible war.
Roosevelt Corollary
-Extension of Monroe Doctrine: American police -US=Hemisphere's Cop -"Preventive Intervention" This held that the United States had the right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere.
Germany seeks quick victory
-Invades France before Russia is prepared -Violates Belgium neutrality bringing England into war
Sussex Ultimatum
-Sussex attack: Wilson issues ultimatum -Threatens end of diplomatic relations -Germany agrees to end sinking of unarmed ships -Wilson agrees to persuade England to lift "blockade" (unsuccessful)
Open Door Policy
-access to China -Attempt by Sec. of State Hay to gain US access to China -Rejected at first by Europeans -Boxer Rebellion Provides opportunity for US presence.
Labor Turmoil
-returning vets upset by economy -end of price controls: Food doubles/Clothes tiples and Cost of Living increase 77%. -Government/Management crush
Precondition=Cuban Revolt
10 year revolution and Spain's oppressive response Spain tries to take over Cuba. gives US rationale for involvement.
American planters dominate economy
1893- stage rebellion against Hawaiin rule Overthrow Queen Lilioukalani (right) Officially annexed in 1898
The Zimmerman Telegram
A message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the United States and promising to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War.
Self-determination
African Congress in Paris that put forward the idea of a self-governing nation to be carved out of Germany's African colonies.
Big Four
Allied leaders joined at Versailles by wilson. agendas: France (GC)- seeks end of German threat Great Britain (DLG)- Seeks reaffirmation of British power Italy (VO)- seeks territorial expansion in Adriatic.
Significance of Spanish-American War
America's victory was significant because it propels US into first rank of world powers.
Citizens of Subjects
American acquisition of overseas territories was fueled by ethnocentric attitudes which justified conquest in terms of racial superiority.
The Color Line
American racial attitudes influence other imperial powers
Assertive Nationalism: Cult of the Flag
Beginning of "Pledge of Alliegence" Star Spangled Banner/ Flag day
Welfare Capitalism
Benevolence towards workers increase productivity No strikes Increase benefits/wages One Major flaw: wages don't keep up w/prices
Imperialists
Beveridge uses rhetoric of liberty
The Philippine War
Biggest challenge what to do about Philippines became the flashpoint for the debate over America's new role in the world
Article X
Binds us to join action Key problem=collective security Lodge/Reservationists object -Argue its unconstitutional -Only Congress can declare war -Undermines American independence Irreconcilables don't care
"Gunboat Diplomacy"
Bunau-Varilla leads coup -US fleet arrives to help -TR recognizes Panama -Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
American Expansionism: Economic Motivation
Corporate American seeks markets
National Labor Board
Created to oversee labor disputes Board prohibits strikes and encourages reforms.
Republic or Empire
Debate centered on whether a democracy could be an imperial power.
Teller Amendment
Declaration of war US disavows any territorial goals
Treaty of Paris
Ends Spanish- American War US gains possession of Guam/Puerto Rico/Phillippines
Era of Literary Disillusionment
Expatriates move to paris -reject materialism/seek richer culture -Novelists reject contemporary values
USS Maine= Precipitant
Explosion of the USS Maine April-McKinley delivers war message
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino who established a provisional government with a constitution modeled on that of the US.
Panama Canal
Focus tuns to caribbean -French fail in 1880's -Us takes over idea -Negotiates w/Colombia: Columbia rejects offer
The Lusitania
In May 1915, a German submarine sank the British liner Lusitania (which was carrying a large cache of arms)
Strong navy
Key to international power Needs "coaling stations" (supply bases) / Tans-Ismuthian Canal
Henry Cabot Lodge
Leader of the reservationists
Reservationists (Rep)
Led by H.C. lodge Support Treaty in theory seek specific amendments
Internationalists (Dems)
Loyal to Wilson Support treaty/League as is
Debate over Empire
MP: Am. Expansion provoked an intense domestic debate over the role of America in the world.
The New Imperialism
MP: In the last third of the 19th century the nations of Europe and Japan, embarked on a policy of global expansion at extending their economic and political influence across Africa, Asia and the Middle East. - Great Britain/France/Belgium and Germany carve up Africa. - All major powers seek to establish "spheres of influence" in China. -Empire became excuse for exploitation
Spanish-American War
MP: The United States involvement in the Spanish American war represented the logical outgrowth of the factors pushing America toward expansion. -America acquires and empire
The Challenges of Empire
MP: With the acquisition of a global empire came the conflicts inherent in pursuing an imperial foreign policy.
Sedition Act
Made it crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on the "form of government", or that advocated interference with the war effort.
American Expansionism
Main Point: 1890's became a "turning point" in United States' orientation to the rest of the world as economic and ideological rationales arose to spur on American expansion.
1890
Massacre of Wounded Knee- Final genocide of Natives.
Purpose of "Seward's Icebox"
Meant to extend American influence toward Asia (Aleutian Islands) Many criticized move Move toward Asia b/c there is money in Asia (expansion goals)
Revolution in Morals and Manners
Modernizing of Culture- Freer, less secure -Urban Culture -Freudian Gospel- Intro to Sigmond Froyd -Changing role of woman -Jazz: Sex Music -Movies: Diversity of cultures
The Fourteen points
Objective I-V: Enforcement of protection of equality of seas and trade. VI-XII: The enforcement of freedom of land among the nations. XIII-XIV: THe establishment of league of nations. Wilson Made them he believed that it would bring World War I to an end.
Empire
One person is in control
The sinking of the Lusitania
Outraged American public opinion and strengthened the hand of those who believed that the United States must prepare for possible entry into the war.
Palmer Raids
PALMER RAIDS. The Palmer Raids (1919-1920) involved mass arrests and deportation of radicals at the height of the post-World War I era red scare. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer encouraged the raids in the hope that they would advance his presidential ambitions. Ultimately, the extra-constitutional nature of this action destroyed Palmer's political career. He was viewed not as a savior but rather a threat to the civil rights and liberties of all Americans. J. Edgar Hoover, the chief of the Justice Department's Radical (later General Intelligence) Division who actually organized the raids, went on to a forty-eight-year career as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (originally called the Bureau of Investigation). The other principal, Anthony Caminetti of the Department of Labor's Immigration Bureau, remained an obscure bureaucrat.
Irreconcilables (prog)
Progressives/isolationists laFollette/Borah Oppose treaty irrevocably
Assertive Nationalism: Fanned by "Yellow Press"
Pulitzer/Hearst (right) Sensationalism and Jingoism Jingoism-Irrational outside patriotism
"Assertive Nationalism": Unifying Patriotism
Reaction to economic dislocation/rising immigration
Anti-Imperialist League
Reformers/Politicians opposed to expansion -Want to focus on domestic>foreign issues -Imperialism=undemocratic -Business interests worry about cost -Labor concerned about jobs -Fear of "mongrelization"
The "Monkey Trial" (1925)
Religion v. Science Traditional v. Modern Bryan v. Modern -argues if evolution could be taught in school.
Significance of Liberal internationalism
Represented a shift from the 19th century tradition of promoting freedom primarily by example to active intervention to remake the world in the American image.
How did the United states emerge as an imperial power in the 1890's?
SECTION MAIN POINT: A variety of factors led the United States to pursue an Increasingly expansionistic foreign policy in the 1890's causing a great deal of domestic debate about the role of colonies in a democracy. This created a shift in American policy. The Picture of the Eagle Symbolizes: "Casting a Shadow" Meaning the expansion of the U.S.
Bruce Barton
Says Jesus best advertiser
Significance of American Expansionism
Senses of frontier disappears white Americans have settled in the entire colony. American territorial expansion was significant because it symbolized the beginning of America's rise to global power (influence)
"The Nervous Generation"
Shift from Traditional society to Modern creates unease -Seeming end "frontier individualism" -Generation of heroes chosen because they embody old values
"Splendid Little War"
Spanish-American war in which it was 10 weeks of fighting. Naval victories at Manila and Santiago Theodore Roosevelt famous for something he did not do.
American Expansionism: Evangelical Motivation
Spread Christianity, civilize the natives
Significance of New Imperialism
The "new imperialism" is significant because it set off (caused) a period of international competition which ultimately let to World War I.
The Espionage Act
The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft but also "false statements" that might impede military success.
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles is not regulating peace its placing blame on Germany. It established the League of Nations, applied the principle of self-determination to eastern Europe and redrew the map of that region.
Committee on Public Information
The United States Committee on Public Information, also known as the Creel Committee, was an agency headed by progressive journalist George Creel during World War I. The committee directed the government's propaganda effort, encouraging public support for the war through pro-war films and publications and the recruitment of volunteer patriotic speakers.
Significance of Color Line
This debate is significant because it symbolizes the restrictive definition of freedom that accompanied imperialism.
Hoover and the Food Administration
Voluntary compliance rather than rationing (PI) "Victory gardens" Prices fixed to encourage production significant successes -farm production increases 25 percent
Coolidge Election in 1924
Was interested in PI Business Consolidation rampant----8000 mergers Concentration of Wealth and Power -Andrew Mellon's "trickle down" cuts taxes on corporations and the rick. -Top .01% = bottom 42% - # of millionaires doubles during decade
Moral Diplomacy
Wilson and Mexico -US interest in Mexico: Own 43 percent of property
"Victory tour"
Wilson goes to Europe Brings no Republicans, No Senators Greeted as a savior Naively believes emotional welcome means power European leaders resentful and dubious
Moral Imperialism
Wilson promised a new foreign policy that would respect Latin America's independence and free it from foreign economic domination.
American Neutrality
Wilson proposes to stay neutral.
Liberal internationalism
Woodrow wilson's vision of Am's relationship to the rest of the world. Economic and political progress went hand in hand.
Foraker Act
declares Puerto Ricans non-citizens
Republic
everyone represents
"colored races"
not prepared for citizenship
Insular Acts
reinforce "alien" status of residents of territories
