Chapter 19
Platelets are best described as ______.
cell fragments
Regulation, transport and protection are all functions of the ______.
circulatory system
Platelets act in the clotting process as well as ______.
clot dissolution
Blood is a subtype of ______ tissue.
connective
Spectrin and actin _______ proteins found on the inner membrane of the red blood cell.
cytoskeletal
Causes of leukopenia include ______. Select all that apply.
heavy metal poisoning radiation sickness AIDS
Packed cell volume, the percentage of the blood volume composed of RBCs, is also called ______.
hematocrit
The percentage of erythrocytes in the blood is known as the ______.
hematocrit
An inherited clotting disorder of the blood is ______.
hemophilia
Morphological changes in red blood cells like sickle cell anemia and thalessemia are ______.
hereditary disorders
Neutrophils produce disinfectant chemicals including ______. Select all that apply.
hydrogen peroxide hypochlorite superoxide
Within the leukocytes, the chemicals and enzymes used to fight pathogens are found:
in the granules
Thrombocytopenia can result from ______.
leukemia bone marrow poisoning radiation
Blood cells that afford protection against microorganisms, infections, and other pathogens are called _____.
leukocytes
Formed elements that retain their organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes include the ______.
leukocytes
Lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes are all examples of ______.
leukocytes
The formed elements that provide protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens are called ______.
leukocytes
The least abundant of the formed elements are the _______.
leukocytes
A abnormally high white blood cell count resulting from infection or allergy is called ______.
leukocytosis
Dehydration and infection can both lead to ______.
leukocytosis
A deficiency of white blood cells is called ______.
leukopenia
Heavy metal poisoning, radiation, the flu and chickenpox can all lead to ______.
leukopenia
All plasma proteins except globulin are produced by the _____.
liver
The second most common leukocytes, normally about 25% to 33% of the leukocytes in a sample, are called:
lymphocytes
The smallest of the leukocytes are the ______.
lymphocytes
A monocyte that migrates into the tissue and takes up residence is called a(n) ______.
macrophage
A giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets is called a _______.
megakaryocyte
A macrophage is a ______ that migrates into the tissues.
monocyte
Eosinophils are found in small numbers in blood but are abundant in ______.
mucous membranes
The production of leukocytes, leukopoiesis, begins with hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into three cell lines. Granulocytes are produced from ______.
myeloblasts
Within a healthy individual, the most abundant leukocyte is the ___ and the least abundant leukocyte is the ___
neutrophil
Leukocytes that phagocytize bacteria and produce toxic chemicals are called ______.
neutrophils
Sixty to seventy percent of the leukocytes are ______.
neutrophils
Red blood cells lack _____ and therefore can not perform mitosis or protein synthesis.
nuclei
One of the most distinctive microscopically visible features of all leukocytes is their ______.
nucleus
neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria and secretes antimicrobial agents nucleus with 2-5 lobes and appearance of reddish to violet specific granules
monocytes
phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris ovoid or kidney shaped nucleus with sparse, fine non-specific granules
"A light yellow fluid in which suspends the formed elements and clotting precursors" describes the ______.
plasma
The matrix of the blood is the ______.
plasma
Within the circulation, ______ is a complex cell-free solution of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases.
plasma
Clotting, defense, and transport of minerals and hydrophobic hormones are all functions of ______.
plasma proteins
A fibrin-digesting enzyme that dissolves clots when the leak has been sealed is ______.
plasmin
Platelets aid in stimulation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle to repair the blood vessel through the production of ______.
platelet-derived growth factor
Hemostasis, the cessation of bleeding, is a complex process that involves small formed elements called ______.
platelets
The second most abundant formed elements after the erythrocytes are the ______.
platelets
An excess of red blood cells is called ______.
polycythemia
The first step of hemostasis is ______.
release of serotonin
During most of their lifetime, leukocytes are found ______.
residing in the connective tissues
lymphocytes
secretes antibodies, destroys cancer cells and promotes immune memory nucleus that typically fills most of the cytoplasm that is round or ovoid
basophils
secretes histamine and heparin irregular shaped nucleus frequently obscured from view due to course, abundant dark violent specific granules
When clotting factors and the solids are removed from blood, the resulting fluid is called ______.
serum
Disorders of red blood cell morphology include ______. Select all that apply.
sickle cell anemia thalassemia
Approximately 25-40% of platelets are found stored in the ______.
spleen
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is sometimes caused by an incompatibility of _____ blood types between the mother and fetus.
the Rh
While the absence of a nucleus prevents cell division it confers an advantage in that ______.
the small, biconcave shape is ideal for moving through small blood vessels
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are called granulocytes because ______.
they contain specific secretory granules
A very low platelet count is called ______.
thrombocytopenia
The process of platelet formation is called ______.
thrombopoiesis
A condition that increases with aging is abnormal clotting of the blood called ______.
thrombosis
Granulocytes and agranulocytes are ______.
types of leukocytes
Plasma proteins called gamma globulins are produced by ______.
white blood cells
The forerunners of hematopoietic tissue in the embryo are found in the ______.
yolk sac
Which component of blood transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Erythrocytes
How many RBCs are produced every second?
1 million
WBCs and platelets make up about ______ of the total blood volume.
1%
What is thrombopoiesis?
The production of platelets
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide
True or false: All leukocytes have a nucleus.
True
True or false: Anemia can occur because of either a deficiency in hemoglobin or a deficiency of red blood cells.
True
True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.
True
True or false: Leukocytes retain their organelles throughout their lifetime.
True
Which are functions of platelets? Select all that apply.
Vasoconstriction Secretion of procoagulants Chemotaxis of neutrophils
Indicate which represents the smallest proportion of the blood by percent volume.
WBCs and platelets
Which substances are found in blood plasma? Select all that apply.
Water Gases Proteins
Which of the following would not cause leukocytosis?
Water intoxication
Polycythemia is ______.
a condition where there are too many red blood cells
Monocytes and lymphocytes ______.
are agranulocytes
ABO blood groups lead to blood types A, B, AB, and O. These groups _____.
are determined by genes
eosinophils
attacks parasites and phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory agents nucleus with two large lobes and appearance of large orange-pink specific granules
Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine ______.
blood type
All formed elements trace their origins to a hemopoietic stem cell maintained in the ______.
bone marrow
From infancy onward red blood cells are produced by the ______.
bone marrow
Leukopoiesis begins with stem cells located in the ______.
bone marrow
Platelets are not cells but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes found in the ______.
bone marrow
Leukocytes retain organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, and golgi complex. This means that unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes ______.
can synthesize proteins
WBCs are ______.
found in both the blood vessels and in the connective tissues
Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______.
four globin chains and four heme groups
Plasma proteins that play various roles including solute transport and immunity are called _______.
globulin
The plasma membrane of the red blood cell contains _______ that determine a person's blood type.
glycolipids
Leukocytes can be divided into ______.
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Patients with leukemia ______.
have an increased risk of infection
Leukocytes ______. Select all that apply.
have conspicuous nuclei protect us against pathogens
An erythrocyte usually lasts in the circulation for about ______ days.
120
Hemoglobin consists of how many protein chains?
2 alpha and 2 beta
In an adult woman, what would be the normal range of values for the hematocrit?
37-48 %
Most adults have ______ liters of blood.
4 to 6
An important clinical estimate of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is the red blood cell count expressed as the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood. Normal values for this are ______.
4.2 to 5.4 million/microliter in women and 4.6 to 6.2 million/microliter in men
Which represents a normal hematocrit?
40% for a 35-year-old female
What proportion of the blood volume does the plasma represent?
47-63 %
Most of the platelets circulation in the blood ______.
5 to 6 days
Genetically determined blood groups include ______. Select all that apply.
A, B, AB, and O Rh positive
Which is not a leukocyte?
Basocyte
Which best describes a red blood cell?
Biconcave, anucleate cell approximately 7.5 microns in diameter
Describe how CO2 binds with hemoglobin.
CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin.
True or false: All leukocytes are roughly the same size and shape and carry out the same functions.
False
True or false: Each hemoglobin molecule consists of 6 protein (globin) chains and 6 heme groups.
False
True or false: The heme portion of hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide.
False
Describe megakaryocytes.
Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets
Name the function of the granules found in the cytoplasm of the WBCs.
Granules contain enzymes and chemicals to fight pathogens.
Which best describes the components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood, and vessels
Identify the component of red blood cells that binds to oxygen.
Heme
Which of the following best describes the heme group?
Iron containing groups that bind oxygen
Leukocytes in general can live for years, regenerate granule components and divide. What does this suggest about the the cell's components?
Leukocytes have organelles
Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Which is the most common leukocyte?
Neutrophil
While leukocytes are usually phagocytized and digested by macrophages, these cells are found in pus and can be disposed of through rupture on the skin's surface.
Neutrophils
Place the specific leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant in a healthy individual.
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophuls Basophils
List the white blood cells that are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
An adult patient is brought into the emergency room of a local hospital. The EMTs report the patient lost about 300 cc (cubic centimeters or milliliters) of blood. Is this life-threatening?
No, most adults have 4-6 liters of blood so a loss of 300 cc would not be life threatening.
Which component of the blood comprises the greatest percentage of the blood's volume?
Plasma
Which is not a formed element of the blood?
Plasmin
Identify the mechanisms involved in hemostasis. Select all that apply.
Platelet plug formation Coagulation Vasoconstriction
Which of the following lists all of the formed element(s) of the blood?
Platelets, red and white blood cells
Leukocytes are similar and yet they vary in many ways. Identify the characteristic shared by all leukocytes.
Presence of a nucleus
What can occur if an individual is given an incompatible blood type in a transfusion?
Recipient antibodies attack donor RBCs which agglutinate and hemolyze.
Which is not a function of the circulatory system?
Secretion of hormones
There are three functional classes of lymphocytes. These include NK (natural killer) cells, B cells, and ______.
T cells
While some lymphocytes function in non-specific immunity, most are involved in response to specific antigens which is called ______.
adaptive immunity
Two alpha and two beta protein chains form ______ hemoglobin.
adult
The plasma protein that contributes to viscosity and osmolarity of the blood, and is also the most abundant of the plasma proteins, is _____.
albumin
The condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is lowered, whether due to an erythrocyte or hemoglobin deficiency, is referred to by the general term ______.
anemia
A person's specific blood type is based on ______.
antigens on the RBC plasma membrane
Leukocytes that secrete heparin and histamine are called ______.
basophils
The rarest of the leukocytes are called ______.
basophils
Plasma proteins perform many roles including ______. Select all that apply.
blood clotting defense mineral transport
Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells and takes about 3 to 5 ______.
days
While some leukocytes survive in the blood for only a few hours, lymphocytes can live for up to ______.
decades
Nonstructural disorders of the blood include ______.
embolism hemophilia
The leukocyte that typically has a bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand and orange-pink granules in the cytoplasm is the ______.
eosinophil
Leukocytes that rise in allergies and parasitic infections are called ______.
eosinophils
About 1 million ______ are produced every second.
erythrocytes
Atrophy of the kidneys which happens as part of the aging process can reduce the amount of _____ needed for blood cell production
erythropoietin
Plasma and serum are identical except that plasma contains ______ and serum does not.
fibrinogen