Chapter 19
Patients suffering from Thalassemia require frequent blood transfusions to make up their short-lived red blood cells. What is the typical lifespan of healthy red blood cells?
120 days
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45%
The coronary sulcus is a groove that
Marks the border between the atria and ventricles
A blood smear prepared after a venipuncture shows a preponderance of very grainy white blood cells. Which of the following formed elements is not part of this "grainy" group?
Monocytes
_____ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
Monocytes
Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called____ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called____
Agglutinogens;aggulutinins
Type A blood has ___ antibodies in the blood plasma
Anti-B
A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT
B positive
Blood type is identified primarily by
Both the ABO and Rh blood groups
The most abundant plasma protein is
albumin
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?
albumin
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
When checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from
an artery
Soon after donating .5 liters of blood, one would expect
an increase reticulocyte count
_____ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
anemia
Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?
antibodies
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex
The ___ carry blood away from the heart
arteries
Anthistamines would work best against which type of WBC?
basophil
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
The ___ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium
bicuspid
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells
The function of a red blood cell is to
carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide
A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
cause clot dissolution to proceed faster
The cusps(leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
chordae tendinae
_____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to conversion of fibrinogen to fribrin
coagulation
How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?
coagulation would be prevented
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ____ arteries
coronary
The ____ deliver blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
Eosinophil's function in
destroying anti-body labeled antigens
Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes
develop into plasma cells
A moving blood clot is called an
embolus
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the
eosinophil's
Plasma expanders are used to temporarily increase the volume of blood in a patient. Oftentimes these expanders are components that are naturally found within plasma. Which of the following substances would not likely be used as a plasma expander
erythrocytes
The process of red blood cell formation is called
erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone
erythropoietin
Which of the following does NOT describe the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
fetal red blood cell exposure causes an autoimmune response in the mother
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
fibrinogen
Approximately 45% of blood volume is composed of the
formed elements
RBC, WBC, and platelets all constitute what part of whole blood?
formed elements
A hematocrit provides information on
formed elements abundance
The average life span of a red blood cell is
four months
Jane has type A blood; therefore, she
has antibodies to B agglutinations
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
heart
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
hematocrit
What other common blood test would have provided information about the level of formed elements a person has?
hematocrit
Consider the following results from a blood test lab, which value is most likely abnormal?
hemoglobin-10.7%/100 ml
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize Vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of
hemorrhage
Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as
hemosiderin and ferritin
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?
hormone that regulates white blood cell formation
A person who has a low blood volume is said to be
hypovolemic
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins
Proteins in the blood for defense are called
immunoglobulins
All of the following are true neutrophils except that they are
important in coagulation
Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by
injections of vitamin B12
The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the
interatrial septum
Plasma is closes in composition to
interstitial fluid
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
iron
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
left atrium
Most of the mass of the heart lies
left of the midline
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
metalloprotein
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolyctic disease of the newborn?
mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
Contractions of the papillary muscles
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria
The function of platelets is to assist in the
process called hemostasis
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves concentration of
proteins
The ___ circuit carries blood to and from the lungs
pulmonary
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
pulmonary valve
Granulocytes form in the
red bone marrow
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is the
red bone marrow
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
right and left lungs
Coronary veins empty into the
right atrium
Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the
spleen, liver, and bone marrow
Some patients with sickle cell anemia can enjoy a normal life as long as they avoid strenuous activities. Why would this be?
strenuous activities require more ATP, but the sickled red blood cells cannot supply the extra oxygen
The ___ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle
systemic
A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into billverdin
Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because
the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme
thrombin
The epicardium is also known as the ____
visceral pericardium
The most abundant component of plasma is (are)
water
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood
Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
Hormone-binding
How does RhoGAM prevent HDN
RhoGAM prevents the mother's immune system from actively producing antibodies against fetal Rh antigens by destroying fetal red blood cells that cross the placenta during delivery
People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because___
Their blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if
a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from
a superficial vein
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
activation of Factor XII by platelet factors
The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen of the cells is added, is called
agglutination
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils
The white blood cell type that most rapidly increases in number after a bacterial infection is the
neutrophils
Excess fluid in the ___ causes cardiac tamponade
pericardial
The heart lies within the ___ cavity
pericardial
Surgical removal of the stomach could cause
pernicious anemia
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
plasmin