Chapter 19

Patients suffering from Thalassemia require frequent blood transfusions to make up their short-lived red blood cells. What is the typical lifespan of healthy red blood cells?

120 days

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

45%

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

Marks the border between the atria and ventricles

A blood smear prepared after a venipuncture shows a preponderance of very grainy white blood cells. Which of the following formed elements is not part of this "grainy" group?

Monocytes

_____ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Monocytes

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called____ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called____

Agglutinogens;aggulutinins

Type A blood has ___ antibodies in the blood plasma

Anti-B

A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT

B positive

Blood type is identified primarily by

Both the ABO and Rh blood groups

The most abundant plasma protein is

albumin

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

When checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from

an artery

Soon after donating .5 liters of blood, one would expect

an increase reticulocyte count

_____ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

anemia

Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?

antibodies

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

aorta

The inferior point of the heart is called the

apex

The ___ carry blood away from the heart

arteries

Anthistamines would work best against which type of WBC?

basophil

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

basophils

The ___ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium

bicuspid

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

cardiac muscle cells

The function of a red blood cell is to

carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster

The cusps(leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to

chordae tendinae

_____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to conversion of fibrinogen to fribrin

coagulation

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

coagulation would be prevented

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ____ arteries

coronary

The ____ deliver blood to the myocardium

coronary arteries

Eosinophil's function in

destroying anti-body labeled antigens

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes

develop into plasma cells

A moving blood clot is called an

embolus

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

eosinophil's

Plasma expanders are used to temporarily increase the volume of blood in a patient. Oftentimes these expanders are components that are naturally found within plasma. Which of the following substances would not likely be used as a plasma expander

erythrocytes

The process of red blood cell formation is called

erythropoiesis

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

erythropoietin

Which of the following does NOT describe the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

fetal red blood cell exposure causes an autoimmune response in the mother

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

Approximately 45% of blood volume is composed of the

formed elements

RBC, WBC, and platelets all constitute what part of whole blood?

formed elements

A hematocrit provides information on

formed elements abundance

The average life span of a red blood cell is

four months

Jane has type A blood; therefore, she

has antibodies to B agglutinations

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

heart

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

What other common blood test would have provided information about the level of formed elements a person has?

hematocrit

Consider the following results from a blood test lab, which value is most likely abnormal?

hemoglobin-10.7%/100 ml

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize Vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

hemorrhage

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as

hemosiderin and ferritin

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

hormone that regulates white blood cell formation

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

hypovolemic

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

Proteins in the blood for defense are called

immunoglobulins

All of the following are true neutrophils except that they are

important in coagulation

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

injections of vitamin B12

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

interatrial septum

Plasma is closes in composition to

interstitial fluid

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

left atrium

Most of the mass of the heart lies

left of the midline

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

metalloprotein

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolyctic disease of the newborn?

mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive

Contractions of the papillary muscles

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria

The function of platelets is to assist in the

process called hemostasis

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves concentration of

proteins

The ___ circuit carries blood to and from the lungs

pulmonary

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

pulmonary valve

Granulocytes form in the

red bone marrow

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is the

red bone marrow

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

right and left lungs

Coronary veins empty into the

right atrium

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver, and bone marrow

Some patients with sickle cell anemia can enjoy a normal life as long as they avoid strenuous activities. Why would this be?

strenuous activities require more ATP, but the sickled red blood cells cannot supply the extra oxygen

The ___ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle

systemic

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into billverdin

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

thrombin

The epicardium is also known as the ____

visceral pericardium

The most abundant component of plasma is (are)

water

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

whole blood

Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

Hormone-binding

How does RhoGAM prevent HDN

RhoGAM prevents the mother's immune system from actively producing antibodies against fetal Rh antigens by destroying fetal red blood cells that cross the placenta during delivery

People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because___

Their blood cells lack A and B surface antigens

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

a superficial vein

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of Factor XII by platelet factors

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen of the cells is added, is called

agglutination

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils

The white blood cell type that most rapidly increases in number after a bacterial infection is the

neutrophils

Excess fluid in the ___ causes cardiac tamponade

pericardial

The heart lies within the ___ cavity

pericardial

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin