Chapter 19 Section 1

Ferdinand Magellan

1521, a Spanish expedition led by him arrived in the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565.

Dutch Republic (Netherlands)

A small country situated along the North Sea in NW Europe. Since the early 1500s, Spain had ruled the area. In 1581, the people of the region declared their independence from Spain and established the Dutch Republic.

Christianity

Another main reason for exploration. The Crusades had left Europeans with a taste for spices, but more significantly with hostilities btwn Christians and Muslims. European countries believed that they had a sacred duty not only to continue fighting Muslims, but also to convert non-Christians throughout the world.

Battling and Influence

As Europeans battled for a share of the profitable Indian Ocean trade, their influence in SE Asia remained limited. European traders did take control of many port cities in the region, but their impact rarely spread beyond the ports. From 1500 to 1800, when Europeans began to conquer much of the region, the Asians remained largely unaffected by European contact. European traders who sailed farther east to seek riches in China and Japan had even less success in spreading Western culture.

Challengers

Beginning around 1600s, the English and Dutch began to challenge Portugal's dominance over the Indian Ocean trade.

East India Trading Company

Both the Dutch and English had formed one to est. and direct trade throughout Asia. These companies had the power to mint money, make treaties, and even raise their own armies.

Dutch Seized...

Both the port of Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands from Portugal. Throughout the 1600s, the Netherlands increased its control over the Indian Ocean trade.

Netherlands as a Leading Sea Power

By 1600, they owned the largest fleet of ships in the world—20,000 vessels. Pressure from Dutch and also English fleets eroded Portuguese control of the Asian region. The Dutch and English then battled one another for dominance of the area.

English East India Company

By 1700, having failed to win control of the larger area, it focused much of its energy on est. outposts in India. There, they developed a successful business trading Indian cloth in Europe.

Dutch Rule

By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in several Asian countries. They also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa, which was used as a resupply stop.

Introduction

By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders. The Renaissance encouraged, among other things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. This spirit of adventure, along with several other important reasons, prompted Europeans to explore. These explorations began a long process that would bring together the peoples of many different lands and permanently change the world.

Malacca

Capturing the town, Portuguese seized control of Strait of Malacca. Gained control of the Moluccas. These were the islands so rich in spices they were called Spice Islands.

Muslims and Italians

Controlled trade from East to West. Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, who controlled trade across the land routes of the Mediterranean region. Italians resold the items at increased prices to merchants throughout Europe.

Calicut, India

Da Gama and his crew were amazed by spices, rare silks, and precious gems that filled Calicut's shops. The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with such spices as pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in 1499. Their cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage.

European Dislike

Didn't like Muslim/Italian arrangement. Paying such high prices to the Italians severely cut into their own profits. By 1400s, European merchants—as well as the new monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France—sought to bypass Italian merchants through sea route to Asia, and to Christianize the Asians as well.

What was Portugal's next move?

Direct sea route to Asia. Portuguese believed that to reach Asia by sea, they had to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo

Early Spanish explorer, explained his motives: "To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do."

French East India Company

Est. in 1664 to enter the Asia trade. It struggled at first, as it faced continual attacks by the Dutch. Eventually, the French company established an outpost in India in the 1720s. Never showed much of a profit.

European Isolation?

Europeans had not been completely isolated from the rest of the world before the 1400s. Beginning around 1100, European crusaders battled with Muslims for control of the Holy Lands in SW Asia. In 1275, the Italian trader Marco Polo reached the court of Kublai Khan in China. For the most part, Europeans had neither the interest nor the ability to explore foreign lands. That changed by the early 1400s.

Compass

Explorers were also able to more accurately track direction by using a magnetic ___________, a Chinese invention.

Dutch East India Company

Founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century. Richer and more powerful than England's company. As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out the English and est. their dominance over the region.

Henry's Backstory

Henry's dream of overseas exploration began in 1415 when he helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa. There, he had his first glimpse of the dazzling wealth that lay beyond Europe.

Henry's Navigation School

In 1419, Henry founded this type of school on the SW coast of Portugal. Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade.

Bartolomeu Dias

In 1488, this Portuguese captain ventured far down the coast of Africa until he and his crew reached the tip. As they arrived, a huge storm rose and battered the fleet for days. When the storm ended, he realized his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side. He explored the SE coast of Africa and then considered sailing to India. However, his crew was exhausted and food supplies were low. As a result, return home. With the tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese continued pushing east

Christopher Columbus

In 1492, this Italian sea captain convinced Spain to finance finding a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic. In October of that year, he reached an island in the Caribbean. He was mistaken in his thought that he had reached the East Indies. But his voyage would open the way for European colonization of the Americas—a process that would forever change the world.

Line of Demarcation

In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace. He suggested this imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. All lands to the west of the line would be Spain's. These lands included most of the Americas. All lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. Line gave too much to Spain, said Portugal. So it was moved farther west to include parts of modern-day Brazil for the Portuguese.

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed this, in which they agreed to honor the line. Era of exploration and colonization was about to begin in earnest.

Vasco da Gama

In 1497, he began exploring the east African coast. In 1498, he reached the port of Calicut on the SW coast of India. His remarkable voyage of 7,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India.

Extension of Portuguese Trade Empire

In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India, a victory made possible by the cannons they added aboard their ships.

Goa

In 1510, Portuguese captured _____, a port city on India's west coast. They made it the capital of their trading empire.

Batavia

In 1619, the Dutch established their trade HQ on Batavia in Java. From there, they expanded west to conquer several nearby islands.

Alfonso de Albuquerque

In convincing his crew to attack Malacca, this Portuguese sea captain stressed Portuguese desire to crush Muslim-Italian domination over Asian trade

Caravel

In the 1400s, shipbuilders designed this new ship. It was sturdier than earlier vessels. Triangular sails adopted from the Arabs allowed it to sail effectively against the wind.

Portugal's Trade Empire

In the years following da Gama's voyage, Portugal built a bustling trade empire throughout the Indian Ocean. As the Portuguese moved into the region, they took control of the spice trade from Muslim merchants.

Portugal

Leader in developing and applying these sailing innovations. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the SW corner of Europe, it was the 1st European country to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa. Eventually, Portuguese explorers pushed farther east into the Indian Ocean. Led in overseas exploration in part due to strong govt support.

Advances in Technology

Made the voyages of discovery possible. During 1200s, it would have been nearly impossible for a European sea captain to cross 3,000 miles of ocean and return again. The main problem was the European ships could not sail against the wind.

Why did overseas exploration happen?

Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from what had become a profitable business in Europe: the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia. B/c the demand was greater than supply, it led to high prices and thus merchants made great profits

Portugal Breaks Muslim-Italian Domination on Trade from the East

Much to the delight of European consumers. Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia about 1/5 of what they cost when purchased through Arabs and Italians. More Europeans could afford. In time, Portugal's success in Asia attracted the attention of other European nations. By the early 1600s, the rest of Europe had begun to descend upon Asia. They wanted to est. their own trade empires in the East.

Fort at Hormuz

Portugal strengthened its hold on the region by building this in 1514. It established control of the Straits of Hormuz, connecting the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, and helped stop Muslim traders from reaching India.

Prince Herny the Navigator

Portugal's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration. After Ceuta, Henry returned to Portugal determined to reach the source of these treasures in the East. Also wished to spread Christianity.

What had happened by the time Henry died in 1460?

Portuguese had est. a series of trading posts along western Africa's shores. There, they traded with Africans for such profitable items as gold and ivory. Unfortunately, they also traded for slaves.

Ceuta's Wealth

Portuguese invaders found exotic stores filled with pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices. In addition, they encountered large supplies of gold, silver, and jewels.

Indonesia

Portuguese sailed farther east to Indonesia, AKA the East Indies. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula.

"God, glory, and gold"

Primary motives of age of exploration and conquest.

Spices and Luxury Goods

The Europeans had been Intro'd to these items during the Crusades. Europeans continued to demand such spices as nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper, ginger etc., all of which added flavor to the bland foods of Europe.

Tensions

The Portuguese believed that Columbus had indeed reached Asia. Portugal suspected that Columbus had claimed for Spain lands that Portuguese sailors might have reached first. Rivalry btwn Spain and Portugal grew tense.

What spurred an age of European exploration?

The desire to grow rich/ spread Christianity and w/ advances in sailing technology. The desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason.

Astrolabe

To better determine their location at sea, sailors used this which the Muslims had perfected. It was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees. Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could calculate latitude, or how far south or north of the equator the ship was.

Profitable Trading Outposts

With da Gama's voyage, Europeans had finally opened direct sea trade with Asia. European nations scrambled to establish ______ __________ ______along the shores of South and SE Asia. Battled regions and each other.

Amsterdam

With so many goods from the east traveling to the Netherlands, the nation's capital, ___________ became a leading commercial center.