Chapter 19: Seizing an American Empire, 1865-1913

Put the following events that preceded the War of 1898 in chronological order.

- The Cuban War for Independence begins - Sensationalistic newspaper coverage, or yellow journalism, distorts the details of the Cuban rebellion. - The U.S. battleship Maine sinks in the Havana harbor. - President McKinley seeks authorization for the use of force in Cuba. - The Teller Amendment is passed.

Put the following events of the Cuban campaign in the Spanish-American War in chronological order.

- The U.S. Navy blockades the Spanish fleet in Santiago Harbor. - The Rough Riders land in the southeastern corner of Cuba. - 7,000 U.S. troops capture the village of El Caney. - The U.S. Navy destroys Spanish warships attempting to evade the blockade of Santiago Harbor.

Match each treaty or doctrine to its appropriate description.

- Treaty of Portsmouth: settled between Russia and Japan with both countries agreeing to leave Manchuria - Drago Doctrine: implemented in Latin America to prohibit other countries from intervening militarily for the purposes of debt collection - Roosevelt Corollary: implemented by Roosevelt to ensure U.S. control over Latin America in times of "chronic wrongdoing" - Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: reflected the consent of Britain to build the Panama Canal

There were various events in Roosevelt's life that contributed to his rise to the presidency. Put each of the following events in chronological order.

- won election to the New York legislature - served as New York City police commissioner - named secretary of the navy - ran for vice president alongside William McKinley - rose to the White House and became president - spent two years as a cowboy in the West

What were some of the benefits the United States received in its purchase of Alaska?

Correct Answer(s) - It provided the United States with more ports along the coast of North America. - Alaska contained a tremendous wealth of gold and oil. - The purchase removed an imperial power, Russia, from North America. Incorrect Answer(s) - The purchase caused British Colombia to join the Union.

Describe the Roosevelt Corollary, and identify the event that prompted Roosevelt to amend the crucial Monroe Doctrine.

Correct Answer(s) - It stated that in specific situations the United States could legitimately intervene in Latin America to inhibit other countries from doing so. - A crisis in the Dominican Republic over the country's debts propelled Roosevelt to issue this corollary. Incorrect Answer(s) - It stated that the United States had a legal right to intervene militarily in Europe at any sign of European interference in Latin America. - A military blockade of Venezuela by European powers prompted Roosevelt to declare an emergency cabinet meeting to draft the Roosevelt Corollary.

What was the goal of this frontpage of the New York Journal (pictured), and how successful were its efforts?

Correct Answer(s) - New York Journal owner, William Randolph Hearst, wanted the United States to fight Spain in order to establish itself as a major world power. His newspaper rushed to judgment in blaming the Spanish for the sinking of the U.S. warship Maine, and stirred up great public demand for revenge. - Although this news coverage caused public outrage at Spain, President McKinley maintained his position of neutrality and did not immediately seek the use of military force against Spain. Incorrect Answer(s) - Hearst succeeded in stirring up public outrage in that President McKinley and Congress immediately declared war against Spain. - Hearst hoped that this type of news coverage would lead investigators to find the culprits so that tensions between Spain and the United States over Cuba would ease.

What does President Roosevelt's statement reveal about his approach to foreign policy? "I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the [construction of the] Canal does also."

Correct Answer(s) - Roosevelt was very willing to use American naval power to secure his goals. - Roosevelt was not always concerned with the legality of his actions. Incorrect Answer(s) - Roosevelt hoped to annex the province of Panama from Columbia and make it an American colony. - Roosevelt personally provided the funds to build the Panama Canal.

How did Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 impact American foreign policy?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States began constructing modern naval warships based on the specifications in Mahan's book. Incorrect Answer(s) - It was received as a scholarly work on British naval history, not a work that had any bearing on U.S. policy in the nineteenth century. - Mahan's view that it was the United States' destiny to bring Christianity to Africa led to 18,000 American missionaries working on that continent by 1900.

What were some of the characteristics that defined the relationship between the United States and Cuba following Cuban independence?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States could intervene in Cuba at its own discretion. - The Cuban government was barred from accumulating more debt than it could pay based on its financial resources. - Cuba had to lease coastal lands to the United States, which served as both coaling and naval outposts. Incorrect Answer(s) - The United States could intervene in Cuba following an official written request by the Cuban government.

What does this image reveal about the moral and practical problems that annexation of the Philippines created for the United States?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States found itself fighting a guerilla war against the Filipino insurrection, a war that saw American troops use many questionable tactics. - Racism led American troops to commit many atrocities against Filipino insurrectionists, including torture. Incorrect Answer(s) - The vast majority of Americans opposed the annexation of the Filipino insurrection, leading to the growing unpopularity of the McKinley administration's imperialist policies. - American troops were able to suppress the Filipino insurrection without the loss of many American lives.

What were some of the arguments advanced in Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States needed to establish colonies outside of North America to provide raw materials and new markets for American industry. - Foreign colonies could also be used as naval bases to resupply American naval vessels with coal, water, and other essentials. - Mahan argued that a modern navy was necessary to support American economic development. Incorrect Answer(s) - Large-scale land armies were crucial in holding territory initially brought under control by naval power.

After the American victory over the Spanish in the Spanish-American War, what were the terms of surrender laid out in the Treaty of Paris?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States would continue occupying Manila until a transfer of power occurred in the Philippines. - Cuba was to become independent. - The United States would annex Puerto Rico. Incorrect Answer(s) - Spain would acknowledge the legitimacy of the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.

Identify some of the ways that the de Lôme letter pushed the United States and Spain closer to war.

Correct Answer(s) - The contents of the letter, which was printed in the New York Journal, further inflamed American public opinion against Spain. - It resulted in a political scandal involving the Spanish ambassador to the United States that led to his resignation. Incorrect Answer(s) - It pushed the Spanish to declare war on the United States in an effort to maintain the veneer of strength in Cuba. - The leak of the letter immediately resulted in Spain severing diplomatic ties with the United States.

John Hay's statement that the Spanish-American War was "a splendid little war, begun with the highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that fortune which loves the brave" reflected which of the following attitudes that guided American foreign policy in the late nineteenth century?

Correct Answer(s) - The statement reflects the belief among many Americans that the United States needed to play a larger role in global affairs. - The statement reflects prevailing notions of Social Darwinism and the need for the superior races to rule over inferior peoples. Incorrect Answer(s) - The statement reflects Hay's admiration of the Cuban efforts to liberate their island from Spanish rule. - The statement reflects Hay's belief that the United States was destined to liberate all the colonized people of European powers.

What effects did the 1875 reciprocal trade agreement between the United States and Hawaii have on the Hawaiian social hierarchy?

Correct Answer(s) - The treaty dramatically increased sugar production. - The introduction of smallpox significantly reduced the size of the native population. - It led to the development of a white American economic elite. Incorrect Answer(s) - The previously monarchical island kingdom fully embraced democracy.

How did the U.S. armed forces prepare for the ensuing war with Spain around the time President McKinley signed the war resolution?

Correct Answer(s) - Theodore Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to attack Spanish troops in the Philippines if war broke out over Cuba. - The U.S. standing army more than quadrupled in size because of the number of men who immediately enlisted. Incorrect Answer(s) - The U.S. Navy positioned warships near Hawaii to protect their newly annexed territory from the Spanish navy. - The U.S. Navy prepared to engage Spanish warships just off the coast of Spain.

What were the legacies of Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's policies toward Latin America?

Correct Answer(s) - They created long-term hostility among Latin Americans against the United States and its use of military intervention in the region. - The United States became more invested in the region both militarily and economically. Incorrect Answer(s) - The United States became less involved in the region. - The United States became rivals with Mexico for influence in the region.

Analyze the following quotation from the U.S. attorney general, and evaluate its significance for Roosevelt's presidency: "No, Mr. President, if I were you I would not have any taint of legality about it."

Correct Answer(s) - This advice was crucial for Roosevelt to carry on with the construction of the canal without any uncertainty regarding the legality of the Canal Zone. - This piece of legal advice was offered in regard to Panama's sudden extension of the Canal Zone after they declared independence. Incorrect Answer(s) - This advice was crucial for Roosevelt to protect the Panamanian revolt and ensure that a U.S.-friendly ambassador assumed office. - This piece of legal advice was offered in regard to Roosevelt's decision to place U.S. warships in Panama to prevent Columbian troops from reaching the Canal Zone.

In what ways did American economic interests drive U.S. policy makers to embrace imperialism?

Correct Answer(s) - U.S. policy makers began to view colonization as a way to acquire raw materials crucial to the success of American industries. - The rise of the global economy forced the United States to construct a navy that could ensure the safety of American merchant vessels carrying goods to foreign markets. Incorrect Answer(s) - American policy makers wanted the United States to serve as a market for manufactured goods from it colonies. - If the United States colonized regions outside of North America, U.S. corporations would more easily be able to recruit skilled laborers from a larger potential workforce.

Complete the passage below regarding the Boxer Rebellion and its affect on U.S. foreign policy.

The Boxer Rebellion began at the beginning of the twentieth century with the intention of removing foreign intrusion from China. The rebels referred to themselves as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, and specifically fought against the spread of Christian missionaries throughout China. In doing so, they laid siege to Peking and barricaded foreign officials within their embassies. In response, a coalition of troops from foreign nations was sent to lift the siege on the embassies. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay viewed the joint invasion as a threat to his Open Door policy.

Complete the passage below regarding the reaction to the events surrounding the Panama Canal and how they affected Latin America.

The actions taken by the United States in its attempt to construct the Panama Canal were not taken lightly throughout Latin America, which harbored bitter feelings toward the United States that were deeply rooted and lasted generations. Moreover, Latin Americans were equally disturbed by the continuous interference in the region's internal matters by both the United States and Europe. Many of these interventions were justified as necessary debt collection measures, leading Latin Americans to "prohibit armed intervention by other countries to pay debts" through the Drago Doctrine.

Complete the passage below regarding Roosevelt's approach to the enduring antagonism between Russia and Japan.

Though he endorsed an interventionist strategy in Latin America, Roosevelt applied a much softer approach to events in East Asia. America's Open Door policy of equal trading rights with the region was put to the test with the conflict between Russia and Japan. The perceived Russian threat to Japan's ability to augment its influence prompted the country to annihilate the Russian fleet and push the Russians back, leading Roosevelt to mediate a peace conference between the two nations that resulted in the Treaty of Portsmouth.

Before the war began, President McKinley attempted to keep the United States neutral and resisted political pressure to start a war with Spain. Once he relented and sought congressional approval for the use of military force, he quickly determined that the United States should keep the territory it gained during the war.

True

During the post-Civil War period, many researchers at universities began to defend the notion of Anglo-Saxon racial superiority through the use of "science."

True

Put the following events in chronological order.

- The unified kingdom of Hawaii is established. - The United States buys Alaska from Russia - The United States sign a reciprocal trade agreement - White Americans (haoles) overthrow the Hawaiian Monarchy - The United States annexes Hawaii

What were the terms of the 1875 reciprocal trade agreement between Hawaii and the United States?

Correct Answer(s) - Hawaii would not permit other imperial powers leases or land grants on the Hawaiian islands. - Hawaiian sugar would be allowed to enter the United States duty-free. Incorrect Answer(s) - Hawaiians had to allow for American tobacco imports duty-free. - Hawaiians had to allow for American cotton textile imports duty-free.

Identify the reason Secretary of State William H. Seward was concerned with the United States controlling Hawaii.

Seward wanted to increase American trade with Asia, and Hawaii served as an ideal launching point.

What were some of the factions that argued against the American annexation of the Philippines?

Correct Answer(s) - U.S. labor groups, fearing that American workers would be unable to compete with the inexpensive cost of Filipino labor - former American presidents opposing the move to annex and colonize the Philippines - the American Anti-Imperialist League Incorrect Answer(s) - Senator Albert J. Beveridge and a large contingent of senators who supported him

Out of concern that European powers might gain too much influence in Latin America, Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904. This policy announced that the United States would begin to do what?

Correct Answer(s) - intervene in Latin American nations in order to prevent others from doing so - intervene in Latin American nations to insure they paid their debts to U.S. and European banks Incorrect Answer(s) - help American banks and companies invest in Latin America - provide military assistance to Latin American nations

American territorial expansion in the Pacific gave its navy greater influence and merchants greater access to markets in Asia. Which of the following territories in the Pacific did the United States annex or colonize in the last few years of the nineteenth century?

Correct Answer(s) - the Hawaiian Islands - Guam - Wake Island - the Samoan Islands - the Philippines Islands Incorrect Answer(s) - Taiwan - Solomon Islands

Every presidential administration from Andrew Johnson to William McKinley strongly supported the annexation of Hawaii.

False

Complete the passage below demonstrating the changing nature of manifest destiny after the Civil War.

In the decades after the Civil War, the idea of manifest destiny in American foreign policy changed. Before the Civil War, Americans believed it was their manifest destiny to spread their influence across North America. Afterward, Americans increasingly turned their attention toward other parts of the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific. Unlike before the Civil War, Americans did not anticipate that this new territory would become equal states, instead expecting them to be colonies. Many Americans believed that expanding the nation's influence abroad was necessary because of the need to expand the influence of the Anglo-Saxon race.

What was the central premise of the American Open Door policy?

Trade with China should remain open to the United States and all European powers. Individual nations should not attempt to colonize parts of China.

Americans had strong economic ties with the Spanish colony of Cuba before the Spanish-American War, which made many of them anxious that the Cuban rebellion might endanger these investments.

True

Put the following events that marked significant instances in the U.S. transition toward imperialism in chronological order.

- The U.S. Senate ratifies the Treaty of Paris. - The Philippine Republic declares war on the United States. - Emilio Aguinaldo surrenders and submits to U.S. authority.

Complete the passage below regarding Theodore Roosevelt's military service during the Spanish-American War.

Before the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Theodore Roosevelt had been a staunch advocate of war with Spain. Immediately after the declaration of war, Roosevelt resigned his position as assistant secretary of the Navy and enlisted in the U.S. Army. He became the second in command of the famous Rough Riders, a group of cavalry units drawn from all segments of American society. Largely as a result of yellow journalism, Roosevelt became the most popular national hero of the war.

With its victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898, and its annexation of the Philippine, Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islands, American foreign policy began attempting to influence developments in what Asian country?

China

After the Spanish-American War, the United States adopted the Open Door policy toward China. This pronouncement included which of the following goals?

Correct Answer(s) - China would remain territorially intact and independent. - All nations should have access to Chinese markets. Incorrect Answer(s) - China would be reserved for European colonization, but the Japanese would be denied any territory. - The United States would gain a colony in China.

How did the concept of manifest destiny change during the post-Civil War era?

An increasing number of American policy makers and scholars began advocating for the United States to assert control over the Asia-Pacific region, while continuing to avoid conflicts in Europe.

Complete the following passage regarding the American navy's actions in the Pacific during the War of 1898.

A few days after the war began, Commodore Dewey engaged Spanish forces in Manila Bay, in the Philippine Islands, a Spanish colony for over 300 years. Easily defeating the enemy, the American navy had to wait for reinforcements before occupying the port of Manila while defending the area from German and British warships. Before American reinforcements arrived, a movement declared the Philippines independent from Spain. This Filipino force eventually allowed Spanish troops to surrender to the American military. All the while, President McKinley privately told a friend that he intended to hold on to the Philippines.

In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, as the United States was in the process of annexing the Philippines and establishing it as a colony, the United States was simultaneously liberating Cuba from Spanish colonization without stipulations.

False

President Taft's dollar diplomacy was a complete rejection of the Roosevelt Corollary. His goal was to assist Latin Americans in becoming economically stable in order to resist European meddling in their affairs. He renounced all use of military force in the region

False

The relationship between the United States and Japan was one of long-lasting mutual trust, which served as the foundation for the strong alliance between the two powers.

False

Unlike President Roosevelt, Presidents Taft and Wilson were far more reluctant to militarily intervene in Latin America. Taft sent troops to support a revolution in Nicaragua but did not militarily intervene anywhere else. Wilson made good on his promise never to militarily intervene in Latin America throughout his presidency.

False

How did Roosevelt view his presidency, and how was this perception reflective of his personality?

He saw the presidency as a national platform for expressing the importance of various virtues, reflecting his unwavering sense of self-righteousness.

Complete the passage below describing how American policy toward the Pacific Ocean developed after the Civil War.

Prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, Americans had attempted to incorporate the territory between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific into the United States, in alignment with the principle of manifest destiny. After the Civil War, a small group of American leaders began to advocate for American expansion beyond these traditionally perceived borders. In order for American industrialists to gain greater access to Asian markets, the United States sought to expand into new territories in the Pacific region. As a result, before the War of 1898, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia and annexed Hawaii.