chapter 19 smartbook
slow
Compared to other bacteria, the growth rate of Mycobacteria is generally _____.
two hours to several days
Compared to other bacteria, the growth rate of the genus Mycobacterium is fairly slow ranging from ______ per generation.
their intestinal tract is immature
Babies are susceptible to infant botulism because ______.
It releases a neurotoxin that blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction.
How does Clostridium tetani cause spastic paralysis of the muscles?
observation of skin for induration
How is the tuberculin reaction test read by clinicians?
Mild fever
Identify the sign/symptom seen in the initial infection with the tubercle bacillus
- tetanus immune globulin - post-exposure vaccination
If a patient shows clinical signs of tetanus, they can be given _______ to counteract the immediate and long-term effects of the tetanus toxin.
chest
If tuberculin skin testing is positive or inconclusive, a ... x-ray will help verify a diagnosis of tuberculosis.
primary, latent, extrapulmonary
In order, the major clinical manifestations of tuberculosis are ... tuberculosis, ... tuberculosis, and ... tuberculosis
tubercles
In primary tuberculosis, lung lesions called _______ form in the lung and are composed of bacteria in enlarged macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils.
- Loss of muscle tone - Respiratory issues - Flaccid paralysis - Weak suckling
Infant botulism usually presents with which of the following signs/symptoms?
sucking
Infant botulism, or "floppy baby syndrome," is characterized by flaccid paralysis, weak ... response, general loss of muscle tone, and respiratory complications
cords; acid-fast
M. tuberculosis is a long, thin, rod that grows in strands called ______ which appear red with ______ stain
home
Most botulism outbreaks occur in ...-processed foods, including canned vegetables, smoked meats and cheese spreads.
accidental puncture wounds, burns, the umbilicus, frostbite, crushed body parts
Most cases of tetanus enter the body through _____.
- motile - gram-positive - rod-shaped
Most endospore-forming bacteria are also ...
- Clostridium - Bacillus
Most endospore-forming bacteria are members of which two genera?
caseous
Necrotic areas within the centers of tubercles that resemble cheese or curds and that heal by calcification are called ... lesions
Emergence of drug-resistant strains
Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?
tuberculin test
The ... ..., also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used for TB that involves the injection of a M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a cell-mediated response.
BCG
The ... vaccine is used to prevent TB.
induration
The area of hardened, reddened tissue associated with a tuberculin test is called a(n) ...
acetylcholine
The botulinum toxin prevents the release of ________ at the neuromuscular junction, thus preventing muscle contraction.
clostridium tetani
The causative agent for tetanus is
wound
The disease caused when C. botulinum spores enter the skin through a puncture or opening is called botulism
Most patients recover from the infection
Which of the following is true for patients who contract primary tuberculosis?
They recover without permanent muscle damage
Which of the following usually applies to patients with tetanus?
caseous lesion
Which one develops in the center of a tubercle and can be replaced by calcium deposits during healing?
- The spores are highly resistant to heat. - The spores thrive in the anaerobic conditions of canned foods
Why does improper food processing often lead to food-borne botulism?
- via puncture wounds - in a manner similar to tetanus
Wound botulism is transmitted ______.
early
______ infection in TB is asymptomatic or may show a mild fever.
food-borne; infant
_______ botulism is due to the ingestion of pre-formed toxin, whereas _______ is due to the germination of Clostridium botulinum spores in the gastrointestinal tract.
botulism
_______ is caused by a species of Clostridium and causes flaccid muscle paralysis.
botox
a medical form of the botulin toxin used therapeutically to target unwanted muscle contractions, which reduces the appearance of facial wrinkles.
Tetanospasmin
a potent neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal neurons that are responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction
latent
the tubercle bacillus can remain .... and become reactivated years after initial infection
resistant to a variety of germicides, long, slender rods, acid-fast, resistant to drying, resistant to acids, strict aerobes
characteristics of mycobacterium species
botulism
infants are susceptible to infant ... because their intestinal microflora isn't fully developed
anthracis
Which of the following is NOT a species of Clostridium responsible for human disease?
sputum
Acid-fast staining of ... or other specimens can be conducted to verify positive skin tests or chest X-rays in the diagnosis of TB
fluorescent
... acid-fast stain is becoming the method of choice for detecting M. tuberculosis because it provides increased contrast between the microbe and the background.
tetanus
...is a neuromuscular disease that results in the uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles.
extrapulmonary
A condition in which tuberculosis bacteria have spread to organs other than the lungs is referred to as ... TB
antitoxin
A(n) ... is a serum globulin that neutralizes a specific toxin
antitoxin
A(n) _______ is an immunoglobulin that blocks or neutralizes the action of a specific toxin.
mycobacterium
Acid-fast staining is used to diagnose infections by which group of organisms?
true
Botulism is an intoxication usually associated with eating poorly preserved foods that results in muscle paralysis
- antitoxin therapy - respiratory support care - cardiac support care
Botulism may be treated with ______.
- other tests give unclear results - further verification of a positive test is required
Chest X rays are used in the diagnosis of TB when ______.
exotoxins
Clostridial diseases are often caused by the release of potent ...
contractions
Clostridium tetani causes spastic paralysis by blocking inhibition of muscle ...
lockjaw
Tetanus is also known as _______ because it causes uncontrolled contraction of the muscles in the face
using four drugs in combination
Drug resistance of the tubercle bacillus is overcome by ______.
heat
Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or home processed foods because they are resistant to ... and favor anaerobic conditions
infant
Food-borne botulism is caused by the ingestion of pre-formed botulinum toxin while ... botulism is caused by ingestion of the C. botulinum spores
cell morphology
Which of the following is not used to subdivide gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?
tubercles
Pulmonary TB is indicated when ... are seen on a chest T-ray.
1) ingested toxin enters small intestine 2) absorption into lymphatics and circulation 3) arrival at neuromuscular joint
Put this list in order to indicate the pathway of the botulin exotoxin from portal of entry to target organ, placing the first step at the top
tuberculin
Skin testing to determine tuberculosis exposure uses _______ injected under the skin.
acid
The general type of staining procedure that is used to diagnose the tuberculosis bacterium based upon its cell wall structure is known as the ...-fast stain
tubercles
The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a ...
- extrapulmonary - primary - latent
The major clinical manifestations of tuberculosis include ______ tuberculosis.
droplets
The mode of transmission for TB is via ______
infant
The most common form of botulism in the US is ... botulism, caused by the ingestion of C. botulinum endospores.
- flaccid paralysis - difficulty swallowing - double vision
The signs and symptoms of all three forms of botulism are ______
violent coughing, green/bloody sputum, low-grade fever, anorexia, weight loss, extreme fatigue, night sweats, chest pain
The signs and symptoms of reactivated TB include ______.
tuberculin
The substance used in the skin tests for TB infection is known as ...
induration
The tuberculin reaction is read by measuring the ... that occurs on the skin.
intoxication; infections
The two major categories of Clostridial disease are food ... from ingesting toxins and wound/tissue ...
toxoid
The vaccination for tetanus consists of _____.
- Thorough cleansing of affected area - Muscle relaxants - Postexposure vaccination - Antitoxin therapy
Which of the following are treatments for tetanus?
months
Treatment for TB requires drug therapy for 6-24 ...
true
True or false: Humans are easily infected with TB, but very few actually develop clinical signs/symptoms of infection.
false; produces no exotoxins
True or false: Like many pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces exotoxins that contribute to its virulence.
true
True or false: Postexposure vaccination is often given with passive immunization therapy with possible exposure to tetanus.
true
True or false: The majority of TB patients recover from the primary infection.
true
True or false: Without treatment, the majority of patients with secondary TB will die.
positive
Tuberculosis (BCG) vaccination and infection with closely related species of Mycobacteria may lead to a false ... TB skin test
- can persist for a lifetime - will have alternating periods of illness and health - progresses slowly
Tuberculosis in normal, untreated cases ______.
tuberculin/Mantoux
Tuberculosis is diagnosed through the _______ test.
droplets
Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through ... of respiratory mucus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Unlike most pathogens, which bacteria do not produce exotoxins or enzymes that contribute to virulence, instead relying on waxes and a cord factor to evade the immune system?
60
Untreated secondary tuberculosis has a _______% mortality rate
Mantoux
What is the name of the screening test for tuberculin hypersensitivity?
- presence of endospores - acid-fast staining properties
What is used to subdivide the gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?
- endospore-forming - extensive capsule - gram-negative
Which are NOT characteristics of most Mycobacterium species?
- Flaccid paralysis - Double vision
Which are not signs and symptoms of tetanus?
- clenching of the jaw - extreme arching of the back - flexion of arms
Which are not symptoms of botulism?
- Spastic paralysis - Clenching of the jaw - Respiratory muscle paralysis
Which are the main signs and symptoms of tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
Which bacterium causes tetanus?
mycobacterium
Which genus does not form endospores?
DTaP
Which is the vaccine used to prevent tetanus prior to exposure?
- About five to ten percent of those infected develop TB disease. - Humans are easily infected. - Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Which of the following apply to Tuberculosis?
- Ingested toxin enters small intestine - Arrival of toxin at neuromuscular junction - Absorption of toxin into lymphatics and circulation
Which of the following are events in the pathogenesis of botulinum food poisoning?
- botulinum - difficile - perfringens
Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium?
- Infection with another species of Mycobacterium - Vaccination with BCG vaccine
Which of the following are reasons why a false positive TB skin test may occur?
- gram-positive - rods - catalase-negative
Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium?