Chapter 19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society

"Marriage, Sexuality, and Facts of Life" page 522 "A french doctor denounces contraception" and "Death in Childbirth (1830)"

"A french doctor denounces contraception" - sex is a part of human nature, needed for the growth of the human race - laboring classes don't use condoms, while wealthy do use them - indugling in sex is not wrong, overdoing it is. goes with the idea that the middle class should be financially comfortable, but not wave their money around *gensenaic frauds "Death in Childbirth (1830)" - childbirth was terrifying in the 19th century -

Identify how coal and iron transformed industry in Britain.

A series of innovations enabled the British to use coal to heat molten metal and make iron. The new "pig iron" was higher quality and could be used in building an enormous variety of iron products: machines, engines, railway tracks, agricultural implements, and hardware.

Identify whether each country listed was a core industrial nation or a peripheral industrial nation in the nineteenth century.

core: Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands peripheral: Spain, Russia, Hungary

Identify the social and economic factors that allowed Britain to industrialize.

domestic and international markets pursuit of wealth private wealth and banking

Match the characteristics of rural life to either eastern or western Europe.

eastern Europe: serfdom and lack of commercial agriculture western Europe: peasants and widespread communication networks

Identify "the social question" that developed in cities in the nineteenth century.

how to address urbanization

Identify the symbols of middle-class prosperity in nineteenth-century cities.

opera houses city halls department stores

Identify the key characteristics of the "cult of domesticity."

separate spheres complimentary roles

Identify which professions were middle class in the nineteenth century.

shopkeepers doctors lawyers

"Poor consolation" drawing

shows a french worker, placed in irons by napoleon III for participating in the french revolution, comparing himself to a slave. the poster behind them refers to the portuguese slave trade. interconnected global economy=new political awareness

Identify how both the French Revolution and Napoleon disrupted French industrialization.

through political upheaval through the Continental System

Identify the characteristics of nineteenth-century cities.

unhealthy overcrowded

Identify which two groups comprised two-thirds of the textile-factory workers in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

women and children

Identify the significant changes between preindustrial and industrial work.

workers' loss of pride in their craft long hours work discipline controlled by others

Irish potato famine- 1845

-human and natural causes -food exports during famine did not help -shows soldiers holding back starving Irish people while they carry off potatoes by prosperous Irish protestant traders

Identify the natural features that allowed Britain to industrialize.

Britain was an island. Britain had coal.

Identify the relationship between industry and empire.

Britain, France, and other European nations gained control of the national debts of China, the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Brazil, Argentina, and other non-European powers. They also supplied large loans to other states, which bound those nations to their European investors.

Population exploded during the nineteenth century because people were living longer. T or F

False. Population growth in the nineteenth century resulted from increasing fertility—there were simply more babies being born.

Most middle-class people began their lives as working class. T or F

False. Very few moved from the working class into the middle class. Most middle-class success stories began in the middle class itself, with the children of relatively well-off farmers, skilled artisans, or professionals.

Identify a reason why illegitimate births increased in the nineteenth century.

Greater mobility and urbanization meant weaker family ties, more opportunities for young men and women, and more vulnerabilities.

Identify the group of people targeted in the broadsheet.

In 1811 and 1812, in northern England, bands of workingmen who resented the adoption of new mechanical devices in the weaving industries attacked several establishments and destroyed the frames used to weave cloth. The movement took the name Luddites from Ned Ludd, a man who in 1779 had broken the frames belonging to his employer.

Identify the factors that influenced social differences between the working and middle classes.

In working-class families, girls should expect to work and daughters were responsible for caring for their younger siblings as well as for earning wages. Class differences seemed embedded in a wide array of everyday experiences and beliefs: work, private life, expectations for children, the roles of men and women, and definitions of respectability.

Who was Ned Ludd and the Luddites?

Men who did not like new machinery, destroyed weaving frames. Ned Ludd broke frames that belonged to his employer. The real issue was pricing of finished work.

Identify the reason(s) why continental Europe developed industrialization later than Great Britain.

Much of central Europe was divided into small principalities, each with its own tolls and tariffs, which complicated the transportation of goods over any considerable distance. France was far larger than England: its rivers were more difficult to navigate; its seaports, cities, and coal deposits were farther apart.

Identify how nineteenth-century writers portrayed the cities.

Nineteenth-century writers dramatized what they considered the disreputable sexuality of the "dangerous classes" in the cities.

who invented what?

Richard Arkwright: water frame John Kay: flying shuttle James Hargreaves: spinning jenny

Identify the characteristics of women's domestic labor.

Room and board were provided. Workers were primarily unmarried.

"Over the Way drawing" from Punch

Shows John Bull looking at fighting U.S. cotton suppliers and saying he'll go to an Indian cotton supplier instead.

Identify how industry developed in eastern Europe.

Spurred by demand for food and grain, large sections of eastern Europe developed into concentrated, commercialized agricultural regions that played the specific role of exporting food to the West. Many of those large agricultural enterprises were based on serfdom.

Identify how industrialization on the Continent differed from that in Britain.

The Continental governments were more directly involved in industry. Capital was more dispersed on the Continent.

Identify how economic conditions influenced working people to consider themselves working class.

The chronic insecurity of working-class life helped fuel the creation of workers' self-help societies, fraternal associations, and early socialist organizations.

Which of the following best describes "enclosure"?

The larger enclosed fields were more profitable for their owners, who benefited from legislation that encouraged enclosure, but the process created hardship for the village communities that depended on the use of these lands for their survival.

Identify how the steam engine transformed transportation in Britain.

The railway boom multiplied the demand for iron products: rails, locomotives, carriages, signals, and switches.

Industrialization led to downward mobility from skilled to unskilled labor for some. Click or tap "True" or "False" to answer the question.

True. Downward mobility from skilled to unskilled was possible, as technological change drove highly paid workers into the ranks of the unskilled and destitute.

Read the following two passages. Identify how these nineteenth-century authors differed in their views of industry. From Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufacturers (1835): " ... in the factory, every member of the loom is so adjusted, that the driving force leaves the attendant nearly nothing at all to do, certainly no muscular fatigue to sustain, while it produces for him good, unfailing wages, ... " From Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844: "If a woman works for twelve or thirteen hours a day in a factory and her husband is employed either in the same establishment or in some other works, what is the fate of the children?"

Ure believed that the new machinery and its products would create a new society of wealth, abundance, and, ultimately, stability through the useful regimentation of production. Engels criticized Ure as shortsighted and represented middle-class concerns of the time, including female labor.

Identify the characteristics of women's industrial work.

Work began at a young age. Work was divided by gender. Women worked while pregnant. Women did not stop working when married.