Chapter 2 2-1 Brainstoring Do a two-sided brainstoring on one of the following narrowed topics. When you are through, see which side has more supporting statements. Are you surprised, as Tamika was in her two-sided brainstorming?

Exercise 2-5 Clustering Do a cluster diagram on one of the following topics

1. Fitness means: the condition of being physically fit and healthy. "disease and lack of fitness are closely related" 2. goal setting mean: The definition of goal setting is the process of identifying something that you want to accomplish and establishing measurable goals and timeframes. When you decide on a financial change to save more money and then set a certain amount to save each month, this is an example of goal setting. 3. automobiles mean: a road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and able to carry a small number of people. 4. bad habits means: A bad habit is a negative behaviour pattern. Common examples include: procrastination, overspending, nail-biting and spending too much time watching television or using a computer.

Exercise 2-4 Invible Writing If you have access to a computer, do an invisible writing on one of the following topics. Then see if you have a focus for an essay.

1. Transportation mean: the action of transporting someone or something or the process of being transported. "the era of global mass transportation" 2. Competition mean: the activity or condition of competing. "there is fierce competition between banks 3. Newspaters means: a printed publication (usually issued daily or weekly) consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, feature articles, advertisements, and correspondence. "all the newspapers carried the story" 4. Littering mean: make (a place) untidy with rubbish or a large number of objects left lying about. "clothes and newspapers littered the floor

Exercise 2-7 Journal Writing Write a journal entry on one or more of the following topics.

1. What are some reasons for keeping a journal or diary? For more than 25 years I've been keeping a journal. I started around the age of nine, squirreling away my thoughts in one of those diaries with a padlock and key that all girls seen to have had at some point in childhood. I wrote mainly about events of the day, too afraid to commit to paper what was really going on behind the scenes. 2. What are the characteristics of a good student? Here are some of the important study habits and personality traits of successful online students. Independent Learners. ... Goal-Oriented. ... Proficient Readers & Communicators. ... Basic Computer Skills. ... Set a Schedule & Keep to It. ... Meet Deadlines. ... Not Easily Frustrated. ... Comfortable in Cyberspace. 3. Discuss a person who has been a mentor or a role model to you. A good role model is someone who is always positive, calm, and confident in themselves. You don't want someone who is down or tries to bring you down. Everyone likes a person who is happy with their achievements, but continues to strive for bigger and better objectives 4. A poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar begins, "We wear the mask/ That grins and lies...''Discuss some of the masks that you wear. The extended metaphor that the author uses throughout the poem is between how we express ourselves around others, and a mask. Comparing wearing the mask to allowing the world to think he has no problems. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. "We Wear The Mask." 5. Should every able citizen of the United States be required to do some sort of paid public service (not necessarily military service) for a set period? American citizen" redirects here. For the people, see Americans. This article is about United States citizenship in general. For legal issues and naturalization, see United States nationality law. 6. Why are some people unsuccessful in school or at work? People are successful if they study and if they work hard at work 7. Is it necessary for you to own an automobile? Parents would drive to work in their automobiles. ... As a result of the automobile, Americans and America itself benefitted greatly from the advantages it brought to them. Improved transportation and an improved economy made the automobile one of the most important inventions of the 1920s. 8. Do Americans spend too much time watching television? For some of them, it's the equivalent of a full-time job. The average American watches an astonishing 4.3 hours of TV a day, according to a new report from Nielsen. Add in DVR time, and that number gets up to 5 hours a day. 9. Is year-round school a good idea? For a kid, there is nothing better than summer break. No pencils, no books, no more teachers with dirty looks; for a kid, an endless summer would be the best thing in the world. Unfortunately for all the giddy children, summertime needs to come to an end. Right now America's education system is on the ropes, and one of the ways Americans can help fix its education system is to implement year-round education. 10. If you could know any one thing about your future, what would you want to know? What would it be? There's horoscopes, fortune cookies, and others things that people cling to and wonder if they can shed light on their future. Of course these are all items that aren't proven to really tell the future. But what if we could find out one thing and one thing only about our future? Would it be if you were going to be happy? If something bad was going to happen? About romance? Your future significant other? Your future career? Children? It could be anything. What if you had... 11.Have you ever had a dream that was so vivid that it seemed real? Describe it. As near as I can remember, I was about 3 when it happened. At the time, I didn't make much of it, but the longer it stuck with me, the more it resonated. It was at a birthday party, with about a dozen or so other kids, nearest I can remember. We all laughed and played together, smiling and happy, I felt warm, happy and accepted. They felt like my friends, my companions, people who were special to me, even though I can't really remember what they looked like. 12. If you could know any one thing about your future, what would you want to know? Knowing the future is fraught with danger in the here and now. You'd think that people who wish to know the future would be interested in knowing the exact moment of their own death or the specifics of investments you could make now that would assure you wealth and fame in the future. The problem of knowing the future lies in the anomalies you risk introducing in the future which would change the dimensions affecting your new ability, changing the future beyond your new ability to predict it. In order to keep the future in the future and eliminate the paradoxes you could create, we all need to be uncertain or blind to the actual future. 13. If you could visit any historical period, which one would you choose to vitit? Historic site or Heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with the official national historic site status. 14. Although responsibilities are sometimes burdens, they also tell us who we are. Which of your responsibilities is most important to you? This chapter examines the multiple and evolving roles of caregivers of older adults and the impact of assuming these roles on caregivers' health and well-being. It describes caregiver tasks, the dynamic nature of caregiving over time, the increasing complexity and scope of caregiver responsibilities, and issues involved in surrogate decision making. Family caregiving is more intensive, complex, and long lasting than in the past and caregivers rarely receive adequate preparation for their role. A compelling body of evidence suggests that many caregivers experience negative psychological effects. Some caregivers are at higher risk than others, especially those who spend long hours caring for older adults with advanced dementia. Caregivers should have access to high-quality, evidence-based interventions designed to mitigate or prevent adverse health effects. As a society, we have always depended on families to provide emotional support, and to assist their older parents, grandparents, and other family members when they can no longer function independently. This chapter examines the multiple and evolving roles of family caregivers of older adults and the impact of assuming these roles on caregivers' health and well-being. It describes the trajectory and dynamic nature of caregiving over time, the increasing complexity and scope of caregiver responsibilities including the issues involved in family caregivers' role as surrogate decision makers, and the evidence on the impact of caregiving on the health and well-being of caregivers of older adults. The chapter reviews an extensive literature on family caregiving of older adults. It also draws from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) and its companion the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC), two linked federally funded surveys designed to document how functioning changes with age, the role of the family caregivers identified by the NHATS respondents who live independently or in a senior community, assisted living facility, or other residential setting (Kasper et al., 2014). Family caregivers of nursing home residents are not included in NSOC. The committee distinguished between two subgroups of NSOC family caregivers: those who help an older adult because of health or functioning reasons and those caregivers who help "high-need" older adults. "High-need" refers to family caregivers of individuals who have probable dementia or who need help with at least two self-care activities (i.e., bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, or getting in and out of bed). See Chapter 2 and Appendix E for further information about the surveys and the committee's analyses of the publicly available survey datasets. Go to: CAREGIVING TRAJECTORIES Despite many common experiences, caregivers' roles are highly variable across the course of caregiving. The diversity of families, the timing of entry into the caregiving role, the duration of the role in relation to the overall life course of the caregiver, and transitions in care experienced over time all shape the nature of the caregiving role. The committee conceptualized caregiving over time as "caregiving trajectories" to highlight the dynamic nature of the role and the different directions it can take. Caregiving trajectories include transitions in both the care needs of the older adult and in the settings in which care is provided (Gitlin and Wolff, 2012). In populations in which the care recipients become increasingly impaired over time, such as with increasing frailty, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or advanced cancer, the caregiving role expands accordingly. In populations in which care recipients experience short-term or episodic periods of disability, such as early-stage cancer and heart failure, the caregiving role may be short term but intense or it may wax and wane over time. Entry into the caregiving role is similarly variable. Individuals may take on the caregiving role as they gradually recognize a care recipient's need for assistance—when an individual has difficulty balancing a checkbook, for example—or they may suddenly plunge into the caregiving role in the context of a crisis such as an unexpected life-threatening diagnosis, stroke, hip fracture, or other catastrophic event. Caregiving for older adults occurs across all the settings in which care is delivered and often involves interacting with numerous providers, back- and-forth transitions from hospital to home or rehabilitation facility, move to a senior residence or assisted living facility, placement in a nursing home, and ultimately end-of-life care. These transitions and role changes, along with the health and functional status of the care recipient, affect the social, physical, and emotional health of the caregiver over time (Carpentier et al., 2010; Cavaye, 2008; Gibbons et al., 2014; Peacock et al., 2014; Penrod et al., 2011, 2012; Schulz and Tompkins, 2010). A caregiving episode can be defined both in terms of duration and intensity (i.e., the number of hours spent daily, weekly, or monthly to provide needed care to an older adult). As noted in Chapter 2, 15 percent of caregivers had provided care for 1 year or less by the time of the survey, and an equal percentage had provided care for more than 10 years.1 The remaining 70 percent fell between these two extremes. The median number of years of caregiving for high-need older adults (i.e., who had probable dementia or needed help with two or more self-care activities) was 4 years;2 it was 5 years if the care recipient had dementia and also needed help with two or more self-care activities. As might be expected, the intensity of caregiving varies with the older adult's level of impairment. Caregivers providing assistance only with household activities spend an average of 85 hours per month providing care while those who care for an older adult with three or more self-care or mobility needs spend 253 hours per month (Freedman and Spillman, 2014), equivalent to nearly two full-time jobs. Individuals do not provide caregiving in isolation from the other roles and responsibilities in their lives. Their personal lives—as spouse or partner, parent, employee, business owner, community member—intersect with caregiving in different ways at different times. Under ideal circumstances, the caregiver is able to balance the responsibilities and rewards of competing roles such as caring for a child or working for pay and their caregiving responsibilities. However, accumulating caregiving demands and the costs of long-term services and supports (LTSS) can overwhelm and undermine other dimensions of one's life. Additional complexity in trajectories arises when family members disagree about the type of care needed and how it should be provided (Dilworth-Anderson et al., 2002), or when family roles and responsibilities shift over time. Appendixes F and G relate the experiences of several family caregivers: a husband, daughter, and family caring for older adults with advanced Alzheimer's disease and a wife helping to provide complex cancer treatment to her husband in a rural area. Phases in the Caregiving Trajectory Although the caregiving role is highly variable over time, different phases in the caregiving trajectory can be discerned when the role is considered longitudinally. For example, caregiving may follow a trajectory reflecting increasing care responsibilities punctuated by episodic events such as hospitalizations and placement in rehabilitation or long-term care facilities. Figure 3-1 shows how caregiving for persons with dementia typically follows a relatively linear trajectory driven by the progressive cognitive and functional decline of the care recipient. The trajectory begins with emerging awareness of the caregiver that there is a problem. Over time this evolves into increasing care needs as the care recipient requires assistance with household tasks and then self-care tasks. End-of-life care may involve placement into a long-term care facility or enrollment in a hospice program. Note that the tasks required of the caregiver are cumulative over time. Each phase of the trajectory brings with it new challenges that the caregiver must confront. FIGURE 3-1. An example of a dementia care trajectory. FIGURE 3-1 An example of a dementia care trajectory. NOTE: CG = caregiving. SOURCES: Adapted from Gitlin and Schulz (2012) and Schulz and Tompkins (2010). For stroke caregivers, the trajectory may begin with sudden intensity, gradually decrease as the older adult regains function, and then remain relatively stable over a long period of time (perhaps punctuated by short-term acute illnesses or set-backs). Alternatively, caregiving may gradually increase with stroke complications, recurrence, or new comorbid conditions. Transitions in the caregiving trajectory may be planned, as in the transitions from hospital to skilled rehabilitation facility to home, or they may be unplanned, as in an emergency room visit and rehospitalization (McLennon et al., 2014). The caregiving trajectory in the cancer population tends to be nonlinear. It is often characterized by the rapidity with which caregivers have to take on the role as treatment decisions are made and treatment begins. As the cancer experience unfolds, caregiving transitions may occur in rapid succession, each having its own learning curve in movement from one treatment modality to the next (e.g., from post-operative recovery at home to beginning radiation or chemotherapy). Transitions among care settings also occur unpredictably. For example, transitions from home to emergency room to hospital are unpredictable but not uncommon. Moreover, the functional abilities of older adults with cancer may fluctuate rapidly, resulting in intense but short periods of caregiving. Rapid transitions in the caregiving role may occur in the context of advanced cancer as well, as the care recipient moves from management of advanced cancer symptoms (e.g., pain, sleep disturbance, and lack of appetite) through a succession of changes in functional status and self-care ability, leading ultimately to end-of-life care and bereavement. The rapid succession of caregiving transitions, some of which may occur with little warning, challenge caregivers' ability to provide care, as ability during one phase of the caregiving trajectory may or may not be sufficient to meet the demands of the next phase. 15.Is it better to have a determined, forceful, type A personality or a relaxed, easygoing type B personality,The difference between "Type A" and "Type B" people is basically night and day. Type A people typically have difficulty relaxing, while Type B people are laid back. Type A people generally can't stand being slowed down, while Type B people prefer a more relaxed pace.

Exercise 2-3 Foced Freewriting Do a focused on one of the following topics.

1. What kinds of risks are good to take? People should take a chance when they can, especially when there won't be any loss if take that chance. Thus, people should take a chance because it can help them to be successful and change their mind by taking that chance 2. Why are people superstious? If you're like most people, you occasionally participate in superstitious thinking or behavior often without even realizing you're doing it. Just think: When was the last time you knocked on wood, walked within the lines, avoided a black cat, or read your daily horoscope? These are all examples of superstitions or what Stuart Vyse, PhD, and the author of Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition, calls magical thinking. More than half of Americans admitted to being at least a little superstitious, according to a recent Gallup poll. Additionally, beliefs in witches, ghosts and haunted houses -- all popular Halloween symbols -- have increased over the past decade. But just what is the psychology behind our magical thinking, and is it hurting or helping us? When does superstitious thinking go too far? Was Stevie Wonder right: When you believe in things that you don't understand, do you suffer? 3. What kinds of music do you enjoy? i enjoy learning to cuntry music. 4. Is family more less important than it was in your grandparents' day?The Purpose of Grandparents Day. The purpose of the holiday, as stated in the preamble to the statute, is "to honor grandparents, to give grandparents an opportunity to show love for their children's children, and to help children become aware of the strength, information, and guidance older people can offer."

Exercise 2-2 Freewriting freewritw on one of the following topics; then see if you have a focus for a possible essay.

1. chidren 2. friendship 3. morality 4. television

2. Good manners are still necessary in the modern world.

Introduction: The Importance of Manners. Manners are something used every day to make a good impression on others and to feel good about oneself. No matter where you are - at home, work, or with friends - practicing good manners is important. ... Being polite and courteous means considering how others are feeling

3. Public video surveillance is a protection rather than a violation of citizens' privacy.

We should have surveillance cameras in public places because they ensure public safety. ... Through surveillance cameras, the police can both prevent crimes from happening and can quickly solve criminal cases with material evidence. In addition, surveillance cameras protect against property theft, and vandalism.Jan 1,

1. Using credit cards is dangerous to a person's financial health

Because your income.

Exercise 2-6 Outling Choose one of your practice pre writings an outline for a paragraph or essa

Every Writer's Dilemma Are you writing a paper and don't know where to start? Even with a clear prompt, a grasp on the material, and lots of ideas, getting started on any paper can be a challenge. All writers face the dilemma of looking at a blank computer screen without having any idea of how to translate their thoughts into a coherent and carefully articulated essay. You may know all about drafting and editing, but how do you get to that first draft? What comes between a blank computer screen and that polished final paper anyway? Prewriting! The answer to that final question is quite simple. The best and most successful papers always start with prewriting. So, what is prewriting anyway? Good question! Prewriting is a term that describes any kind of preliminary work that precedes the actual paper writing. It doesn't necessarily have to be writing. In fact, prewriting can just be concentrated thinking about what you want to write your paper on. Various prewriting techniques are expanded upon below. However, know that you don't have to use all of them, nor is any one better than any of the others. Successful prewriting (and paper writing!) occurs when the writer finds what works best for him/her. What are good prewriting techniques? I'm glad you asked! In the rest of this handout, you'll find a variety of useful techniques to help you get started on pretty much any writing project. If you're not sure where to start, just pick one and try it out. After you've tested a couple, you'll probably develop a sense of your most successful prewriting strategies and can choose the techniques that best suit your writing and thinking style. Brainstorming Brainstorming refers to quickly writing down or taking inventory of all your thoughts as fast as they come to you. In this sense, your ideas are like a gigantic storm swirling around in your brain, and it's your job to get them out of your head. Writing of some kind is very helpful in brainstorming, as it can often be difficult to keep track of all your thoughts and ideas without writing them down. However, your writing does not have to be formal. Many writers simply use bullet points to mark all their ideas; in this sense, brainstorming often looks more like a list, rather than a coherent piece of writing (which is totally fine at this stage!). When brainstorming, don't feel pressured to connect, defend, fully articulate, or censor your ideas. If you allow yourself to simply pour out all the thoughts that are in your head, following them wherever they lead, you might come up with a really interesting topic, theme, motif, etc. to focus your paper on. Example: Brainstorming for Toni Morrison's Beloved. Sethe's relationship with her children. Significance of milk and the breast. Possible connection to mother/child relationship. Familial relationships under slavery. Perhaps Morrison is examining (or complicating) this through Sethe's extreme relationship with her children. Possible connection to milk and breast imagery. Breastfeeding her children may be so important because mother/child relationshps are often destroyed under slavery. Motherly love. Sethe seems to think murder can be taken as an act of motherly love. Maybe she's rewriting the role of the mother under slavery. Return of Beloved and inability to explain/justify murder. Even though Sethe claims that the murder was right, she seems conflicted. Freewriting Freewriting is very similar to brainstorming in that it gets all your thoughts out onto paper. However, where brainstorming often looks more like a list of ideas, freewriting usually takes the shape of more formal sentences. Even so, grammar, punctuation, and the like should be far from your mind. Like brainstorming, you should follow the flow of your ideas, and you shouldn't pressure yourself to fully tease out everything. There's plenty of time for that later! And once again, I want to stress that you SHOULD NOT censor your ideas. You may be quick to discount an idea, but if you give it a chance, it may take you somewhere totally unexpected and extremely productive in terms of writing a successful paper. Example: Freewriting for Beloved. I have to write a paper on Beloved for my English class. There's a lot to write on in this book. When I first read it, I noticed a lot of things about Sethe and her relationship with her kids. Her motherly relationship with her children seemed important to her, especially in terms of breastfeeding them. Perhaps this is symbolic of something. Like milk and the breast represent motherhood itself. This might be why it was so important for Sethe to get milk to her baby; she may have wanted to retain that motherly bond. Perhaps that's important because of the fact that slavery interferes with the mother/child relationship. In slavery, Sethe and her children are just her master's property, so she's not the ultimate guardian/owner of them. Maybe breastfeeding is her way of reestablishing the bond that slavery attempts to destroy by making humans into property. Clustering or Mindmapping Once again, clustering and mindmapping, like brainstorming and freewriting, allow you to take inventory of your ideas. However, they both focus you on a central word (usually something that embodies a theme, topic, motif, etc. that is important to your ideas), which you then work out from by associating other words, thoughts, and ideas to that central word. These may be very useful techniques for extremely visual people. A lot of online diagrams of clustering have the central word in a circle, with all the associated words in their own circles and lines connecting them back to the central word. Similarly, there are very elaborate and decorative examples of mindmaps online. Be as creative as you want—just not at the expense of your ideas themselves! Using these techniques allows you to very easily visualize all the ideas that are in your head. Example: Clustering for Beloved. People should take a chance when they can, especially when there won't be any loss if take that chance. Thus, people should take a chance be.

4. If two adults are in love, large differences in their ages do not matter.

Most men marry women younger than they are; with the difference being between two and three years in Spain, the UK reporting the difference to be on average about three years, and the US, two and a half. The pattern was also confirmed for the rest of the world, with the gap being largest in Africa.