Chapter 2

Vygotsky emphasized the role of a cultures ________ in shaping though

: tools and signs

According to a systems theory, through which of the following processes can a system preserve its structure and still respond to change?

Adaptive self-regulation

Which of the following statements is considered an assumption of Freuds psychoanalytic theory?

All behavior is motivated.

Which of the following statements best describes a link between cultural theory and psychosocial theory?

An individuals culture contributes fundamentally to development.

Gildas professor has asked her to describe a cognitive map. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response?

An internal representation of the learning environment

What is the difference between a scheme and an operation in cognitive developmental theory?

An operation is a mental manipulation of related schemes

In Piaget's theory, which of the following are considered the two complementary processes that account for adaptation?

Assimilation and accommodation

Define assimilation and accommodation, and describe the roles they play in cognitive development theories.

Assimilation occurs when we modify or change new information to fit into our schemas (what we already know). It keeps the new information or experience and adds to what already exists in our minds. Accomodation is when we restructure of modify what we already know so that new information can fit in better.

Freda has always given great importance to the passage of time over her life, even taking time to often reflect on it. According to Bronfenbrenners ecological theory, which of the following refers to this passage of time?

Chronosystem

Daniela is capable of organizing and making meaning of her experiences. Which of the following allows her to do so?

Cognition

Which of the following best describes the difference between cognitive behaviorism and the other theories of learning?

Cognitive behaviorists study internal mental activities that influence behavior.

Sudha has been driving to school using the same route for two years. Although she has never had time to stop at the Coffee Corner on her way to school, she knows where it is and how to direct a friend there. This is an example of which of the following concepts?

Cognitive map

According to cultural theory, which of the following would be considered an example of physical culture?

Colonial time period artifacts

Dakota has started to read short biographies of women she believes are important. She makes lists of who is most important in categories like business leader, political leader, and star athlete. Then she starts to read about the number one person in each category. Which of Piagets stages do you think Dakota is in?

Concrete operational stage

Through which of the following does Jasper have the power of culture to shape her own experience?

Cultural determinism

Elisangelas behavior patterns are the very same behaviors shared by most of her community, and they have been transmitted from one generation to the next. Which of the following does this represent?

Culture

Genevieve is studying cognitive development theories. Today, her professor introduced the central concepts of Vygotskys theory, explaining that these would be the topics covered in the end-of-the-week quiz. Which of the following should Genevieve study before the end of the week?

Culture, zone of proximal development, and movement from intermental to the intramental

: __________ is a common defense mechanism used by children and adults in which they claim that a bad experience never happened.

Denial

Which of the following is considered a similarity between psychoanalytic theory and psychosocial theory?

Description of the functions of the ego system

What is the zone of proximal development?

Distance between developmental level and level of potential development

In psychoanalytic theory, which of the following terms refers to reality-oriented functions such as perception, learning, memory, and judgment?

Ego

Which of the following psychosexual terms is most closely related to the processes of cognition?

Ego functions

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Encounters with discrepancy promote the growth of logical thinking.

Kimberly just began a new job. In her work, she will focus on the unique adaptive behaviors of specific species, such as mating, caregiving, play, and strategies for obtaining resources. In which of the following fields is Kimberly working?

Ethology

Differentiate between ethology and evolutionary psychology?

Ethology is the study of animal behavior and its biological underpinnings. It is closely related to evolutionary psychology with its focus on the evolutionary roots of behavior.

Which of the following statements is considered a major implication of evolutionary theory related to the study of human development?

Factors that influence reproductive success of a group have implications for the survival of the species.

Which statement best describes systems theory?

Family members are interdependent in which each member can influence the others.

In order to adapt to changes in the environment, systems require which of the following?

Feedback mechanisms

Through which of Alice's ages would psychosocial theory focus?

Her entire life

A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following?

How people change and grow over the life span

: is a worldview in which social behavior is guided largely by personal goals and ambitions

Individualism

Which of the following terms best describes a worldview in which social behavior is guided by personal goals, ambitions, and pleasures?

Individualism

Which of the following statements best illustrates the link between evolutionary theory and psychosocial theory?

Individuals face a continuous struggle to adapt traits and abilities to environmental demands.

Which of the following is considered one of Piagets contributions to understanding infant cognition?

Infants establish logical connections.

Which of the following is TRUE of social cognition?

It is a facet of social learning theory that emphasizes a cognitive orientation.

Which of the following statements is considered a characteristic of a good formal theory?

It is logical and internally consistent.

What guiding premises underlie the logic of a theory?

Its assumptions

How do environmental and social contexts affect individual development?

Living in an organized social environment increases the chances that a child will develop social relationships.

Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of formal operational thought?

Logic is based on the creation of a system of interrelated rules that can be used for problem solving.

Which of the following statements is considered an implication for human development based on social learning theory?

Models are relevant in guiding the behavior of others.

Harvinder and Jasmine just had their first baby, Nina. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the psychosexual stages though which Nina will develop?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Which statement does BEST describe the laws of natural selection?

Over generations, species gradually change in response to changing environmental conditions.

Which of the following statements is considered a difference between psychosocial and psychoanalytic theory?

Psychosocial theory suggests directions for development beyond adolescence into adulthood and old age

Which of the following psychosocial theory concepts is most similar to Vygotskys zone of proximal development?

Radius of significant relationships

Whereas theories of cognitive development emphasize thinking and reasoning, theories of learning tend to focus on which of the following?

Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience

Among Yolanda and her peers there is a set of behaviors that they have collectively agreed upon which function as an accepted code of norms. Which of the following terms BEST encapsulates this?

Role

Which of the following is considered a link between social role theory and psychosocial theory?

Role relationships and the radius of significant others

Helena is 6 months old. At what stage in Piagets cognitive developmental theory is she in?

Sensorimotor thought

According to psychoanalytic theory, middle-aged Valerie has two instinctual drives that contribute to her personality development. What are these two instinctual drives?

Sexuality and aggression

Differentiate between social learning theory and cognitive behaviorism.

Social cognitive theory has a broader theoretical scope as it includes a conceptualization of humans as agents capable of shaping their environment and of self-regulation. Social learning theory on the other hand is limited to tackling the learning process in the social context.

Which of the following statements is considered an implication for human development based on Vygotskys theory?

Social interaction and culture shape an individuals cognitive development.

Which of the following is an example of cultural determinism?

Some cultures value aggressiveness while others consider it shameful.

According to Walter Mischels six types of cognitive-affective factors that influence behavior, which of the following best describes self-regulatory plans?

Strategies to achieve ones goals.

According to psychoanalytic theory, which structure houses Jonathan's moral and ethical principles?

Superego

Which of the following theories focuses on the processes and relationships among interdependent elements that have some common goals, interrelated functions, boundaries, and an identity?

Systems theory

In terms of psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is most accurate?

The basic function of defense mechanisms is to protect the person from being overwhelmed by painful thoughts and feelings such as anxiety and guilt.

According to cultural theory, what determines whether behavior appears to occur in stages?

The degree of discontinuity in cultural conditioning

In psychoanalytic theory, how is the ego related to the id and the superego?

The ego tries to satisfy the id without offending the superego

Charlie is a newborn. According to psychoanalytic theory, the most significant personality developments in Charlies life took place or will take place during which of the following life stages?

The first five or six years of his life

Which of the following is considered the focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

The influence of sexual and aggressive drives to motivate behavior

What was Piaget trying to explain in his cognitive development theory?

The process for how the capacity for logical thought develops

Which of the following statements reflects an important contribution made by psychoanalytic theory to the study of human development?

The role of childhood experiences can be used to explain adult behavior

Which of the following statements is considered an assumption of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

The roots of cognition lie in an infants biological capacities.

Which of the following statements best describes how theories help explain observations?

They identify orderly relationships

What is the function of a theory?

To describe unobservable processes and relate them to observable events

Why are theories of human development needed?

To help explain behavior at different levels of analysis

When Don watches his brother practice the piano, he sees how proud his mother is and how she compliments him for his hard work. This encourages Don to practice his trumpet. According to social learning theory, this is an example of which of the following?

Vicarious reinforcement

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the term worldview?

Way of making meaning of relationships, situations, and objects encountered in daily life

When did Yangs preoperational thought stage occur?

When, as a child, he learned a language

Which of the following statements would be considered an example of cultural continuity?

Young children learn skills related to food preparation and remain involved in food preparation as adults

Describe what a theory is in your own words

a carefully thought-out explanation for observations of the natural world that has been constructed using the scientific method, and which brings together many facts and hypotheses

Explain what it means for one to have a social identity.

ace, ethnicity, gender, sex, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, age, religion/religious beliefs, national origin, and emotional, developmental disabilities and abilities

Equilibrium is achieved through _________, a process of gradually modifying existing schemes in order to take into account discrepancies between what is known and what is being experienced.

adaptation

The Dillard family adopted a new child, requiring the older children to take on new responsibilities for childcare and household tasks. Mrs. Dillard changed her work hours, and Mr. Dillard gave up his nighttime job so he could be with the baby in the evenings. From a family systems perspective, these changes are an example of

adaptive self-organization.

Kendra has been breastfed. The first time she gets a bottle of apple juice, she uses the same sucking motion she has been accustomed to using during breastfeeding. Juice floods out of the nipple of the bottle. This is an example of

assimilation

Vicarious reinforcement can best be described as learning __________.

by observing what happens to someone else who is either rewarded or punished for their actions

Young children are scolded for being selfish but when they are adults they are expected to be assertive and self- reliant. This is an example of

cultural discontinuity.

Pamela strives to achieve a balance of organized structures that provides effective ways of interacting with her environment. This is known as

equilibrium

According to cognitive theory, accommodation is the tendency to interpret new experiences in terms of an existing scheme. A : true B : false

false

According to the psychosocial perspective, the ego works on the pleasure principle. A : true B : false

false

Learning about principles that govern objects does not help us learn about ourselves. A : true B : false

false

Psychosexual theory gives a greater role to the individual in shaping his or her own development than psychosocial theory. A : true B : false

false

Species produce just enough offspring to survive and reproduce. A : true B : false

false

Vygotsky theorized that language is a barrier between generations. A : true B : false

false

The application of systems theory to families has focused primarily on

how families establish boundaries and rules

According to psychosexual theory, what are the three basic structures of personality? Give the term for each and a definition.

id, including instincts and impulses, is the primary source of psychic energy and exists from birth Ego is a term that has two related meanings. One is the idea of ego as a person's self, including one's physical self, self-concept, self-esteem, and mental representations of the self in relation to others. The superego includes both a punishing and a rewarding function. The conscience includes ideas about which behaviors and thoughts are improper, unacceptable, and wrong.

The evolutionary theory places the study of individual development in the context of

individual development in the context of the history of the species

Vygotsky argued that complex mental operations exist first in the social world and are then internalized. He described this as movement from the __________ to the __________.

intermental; intramental

Cognitive developmental theory focuses specifically on how

knowing emerges and is transformed into logical, systematic capacities for reasoning.

Cultural theory provides insight into

learned systems of meanings and patterns of behavior shared by a group of people

Ricky wants to play a computer game, but cannot quite figure out how to get the figures to jump and kick. Ricky watches his older sister play the computer game for a few minutes and asks her a few questions. Then Ricky is able to play the game by himself. According to Vygotskys theory, this is an example of

learning in the zone of proximal development.

The assumptions of any theory may or may not be correct. In other words, assumptions

may be influenced by the cultural context of the theorist

By asking children how they know what they know, Piaget introduced the study of

metacognition

Bronfenbrenner argues that development is influenced by interactions that take place within the

microsystem

Social learning theory emphasizes the process of learning new behaviors by

observing and imitating the behavior of others.

According to a systems theory, a system that maintains its organization, even though the parts constantly change, is considered

open

Any theory is generally limited to explaining behaviors that fall within that theorys _________.

range of applicability

Daryl is a human being. From an evolutionary perspective, he depends on the capacity of all of the species individual members to survive, mate, reproduce, and

rear their offspring

Husband and wife, teacher and student, and therapist and client are all examples of

reciprocal roles.

According to social role theory, _____________ involves meeting perceived role expectations or balancing competency role demands

role strain

In contrast to Piagets theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky placed greater emphasis on

social context.

Involvement in personal relationships and social groups contributes to the formation of

social identity.

Define social role, role enactment, and role expectations. Give an example of each.

social role-any set of behaviors that has socially agreed upon function and an accepted code of norms ie: women have more domestic roles and men tend to be the bread winners and providers for the family role enactment-patterned characteristics of social behavior ie: Husbands going to work to make money for the family and women staying at home taking care of the kids. role expectations- scripts or shared expectations 4 behavior that are linked to each part ie: Women are expected to cook, clean, and take care of the kids and men are supposed to go to work and make money to provide for the family.

Accommodation is referred to as the

tendency to modify schemes to account for new attributes revealed through experience.

The comparative study of unique adaptive behaviors is called ethology. This type of study helps clarify the long-term survival of the species.

the contributions of each generation

Evolutionary psychology includes the study of

the origins of social behavior.

What is the focus of evolutionary theory? What is its relevance to the study of human development? Give two examples of behaviors that take on new meaning when considered from an evolutionary perspective.

the study of the evolutionary origins of mental structures, emotions, and social behavior.

A __________ is a logical system of concepts that provides a framework for organizing and interpreting observations.

theory

According to the evolutionary perspective, variability is important for the survival of a species. A : true B : false

true

Inner speech helps the child problem-solve. A : true B : false

true

The assumptions of any theory may or may not be correct. A : true B : false

true

Yelling at the dog after a hard day at work may be a form of displacement. A : true B : false

true

According to Freud, many explanations for Blancas seemingly natural behavior can be found by analyzing her conflicting sexual and aggressive needs, fears, and wishes that are housed in her

unconscious

What significance does Freud assign to motivation and behavior in his theories?

unconscious psychological forces, such as hidden desires and motives, shape an individual's behavior, like their purchasing patterns

Psychosocial evolution refers to

ways in which knowledge can alter or transform behavior and override genetically guided patterns.