Chapter 2

the byzantine basilica hagia sophia has a:

107ft diameter central dome, supported on pendentives, rising 180ft above the floor

the mausoleum of constantia had:

12 clerestory windows 12 paired sets of columns

ss. sergius and bacchus in constantinople has:

16 sided pumpkin vault dome 8 piers supporting its dome

the nave of s. irene in constantinople is covered by

2 domes

the cylindrical cella wall of the roman pantheon is visually divided into:

2 stories

the forum in pompeii was surrounded on three sides by a:

2 story colonnade

the entrance to teh roman panthenon is an enormous portico with:

20 corinthian columns that originally supported roof trusses

the brihadeshvara templeat tanjore has a ______ over its garbhagria

200ft tower

the friday mosque in isfahan includes

4 iwans, one set in the center of each side of the sahn

articulation in the roman panthenon's dome is accomplished by:

5 tiers of diminishnig square cofffers

the fogong monastery in sanxi province rises ____ levels in ____ structural tiers

5, 10

the choragic monument of lysikrates in athens is unique because of its:

6 columns built into the cylinder appear as half columns

the cross in square quincunx plan used in byzantine churches includes:

9 bays, the central one domed

the theotokos church in greece has:

a central dome raised on a drum

during asoka's reign, what was used to crown buddhist stupas to mark their special assocition with the buddha:

a chatra, or three tiered umbrella form a harmica, or square railing

what is the treasury of atreus?

a corbeled stone chamber sing 40ft in 33 horizontal courses from a circular plan 48ft in diameter

the sahn at the great mosque at damascus contains

a domed fountain pavilion for ritual ablutions

the roman town of pompeii had:

a grid plan of about 160 acres within roughly oval town walls a population of about 20,000 at the time of its destruction

one of pompeii's public facilities was:

a large exercise afcility with a swimming pool

the lakshmana temple at khajuraho has many animated images of loving couples, generally interpreted as :

a literal representation of tantric practices

the pont du gard outside the nimes in southern france has:

a mortar lined water chanenl to prevent leaks

the great mosque in cordoba evolved to have:

a much more complex columnar hall form than that at samarra

the nanchan monastery in china has:

a platform for monks to place their offerings statues in the main hall are visible from the courtyard when the hall's doors are opened

iwan mosques consist of:

a rectangular court flanked by large, often vaulted spaces

the domed basilica of s. irene in constantinople has:

a rectangular plan a projecting semicircular apse

the site of the great mosque at damascus is an ancient one on which had stood:

a roman temple dedicated to jupiter and a 4th century christian church dedicated to st john the baptists

a typical chinese timber hall contains:

a roof, columns, and a platform

what is the temple of athena nike in the acropolis of athens

a simple sanctuary that housed a wooden image of athena holding her helmet and a pomegranate

what was the general plan type used in the construction of byzantine churches

a single dome placed on a longitudinal base

the space beside mohammed's house included:

a square enclosure with small chambers set in the southeast corner for his living quarters

structure of jinci, from front to back

a stage for performances a stone bridge and terrace a hall for offerings a 4 way bridge over a squrae pool

the civic and commercial heart of athens, which developed around the ancient track of the panathenaic way entering the city from the northwest and leading to the acropolis, was the athenian:

agora

____ facilitated by irrigation and the periodic flooding of the rivers, was the basis of the economy of the indus valley civilization

agriculture

during church rituals in hagia sophia, ordinary people were relegated to its

aisles and galleries

who is the inner shrine dedicated to

amaterasu, goddess of the sun

the plan of the lingaraja temple at bhubaneshwar is:

an elaboration of the 2 celled form

what are the 2 indigenous chinese religious beliefs:

ancestor worship animism

the most extensive urban complex in the world, occupied by some 750,000 people, during the thirteenth century was the area around the temple complex of:

angkor wat

the structure has a 215-ft tall central tower in the main shrine, built on a pyramid base whose corners are marked by 4 stepped towers that collectively are meant to symbolize mount meru

angkor wat

in typical chinese timber halls, the ridge and the often curving hips where the roof planes intersected were covered with special tiles and established with

animal sculptures

when/how is each design strategy used: repetition of an architectural element geometric manipulation oragnic growth in the form of plantllike foliation calligraphy

appears most commonly as window or door openings allows for almost endless creativity adn inlcudes the ribbing of vaults can be highly stylized or approach naturalism can be flowing or cursive as well as angular

in rome, clean water was brought from rivers or springs and piped in a gravity-fed system mof water channels called ____ before being disturbed to fountains or for other uses around the city

aqueducts

the development of public structures in the athenian agora began in about 600BC, and its boundaries were defined by the end of the ____

archaic period

in rome, the water channels followed the contour of the land wherever possible, but where it has to cross valleys, the romans erected _____ in order to preserve the constant slope of the supply line

arched and elevated aqueducts

the indo-european language that displaced native indian tongues was brought to india by the:

aryans

the cella of the parthenon was intended to provide a proper setting for the enormous cult statue of _____, which was the greatest of its time

athena

the cult statue of _____ in the cella of the parthenon was portrayed standing, with a nike in her right hand and a shield resting at her left

athena

the eastern portico of the erechtheion led to

athena's sanctuary

after the persians were defeated by greeks, a considerable portion of money from the treasury was controversially spent on rebuilding the ravaged ____, which had been a military, political, and religious sanctuary since mycenaean times

athenian acropolis

as the exterior walls of the house of surgeon were without openings, all the internal spaces depended on the garden or the ____ for light

atrium

what early elements in christian worship places were based on roman basilica designs

atrium apse nave

the house at pansa at pompeii had an:

atrium, peristyle court, and large walled garden for light and air

based on funerary inscriptions, early etruscan settlements appear to have been loosely organized into:

autonomous city-states

the lakshamana temple at khajuraho has an:

axial approach from the east brings a visitor up several flights of steps

the house of pansa at pompeii's entrance established:

axial disposition of spaces

the romans didn't build temples as isolated structures as the classical greeks did, but as:

axially approached buildings in an urban setting, like the temples of the hellenistic period of the temples of etruscans

early christian baptism was by complete immersion, and most baptistery plans were centrally planned around a:

baptismal pool

the _____ is a domed octagonal volume surrounding an octagonal marble font

baptistery of the orthodox in ravenna

the roman basilica taht had 3 great groin vaults over its central space and 3 barrel vaulted bays to each side was the:

basilica nova

the structure with double colonnades on its interior that define its long, narrow central space and triple colonnades across its short sides in front of its semicircular spses, with restoration drawings showing second-floor galleries above the columns on both long sides and clerestory windows illuminating the central space, is the:

basilica ulpia

which basilica completes one side of trajan's forum?

basilica ulpia

the roman structures that covered about 50 acres of land with groin vaulted hot baths, domed warm baths, cruciform cool baths, an open air swimming pool, oval plan changing rooms, and an unroofed rectangular peristyle were the:

baths of diocletian

the great mosque of al mutawakki has:

both a columned hall and a single extrordinary minaret

the _____ was an ambitious project, built on a nearly square plan to accommodate the 500 senators who comprised the elected government of athens

bouleterion

in a typical timber hall, columns from a platform rose to interlocking supports known as ____ which allowed the roof to overhang for protection of the wooden construction from the weather

bracket sets

the columns of the parthenon were not spaced equidistantly to avoid strict geometrical perfection, and so to _____

breathe life into their stone composition

under asoka's patronage, to provide for greater permanence, the stupas were faced with:

brick

the longhua pagoda in shanghai has a __________ for viewing the landscape

brick core and wooden perimeter galleries

the songyue pagoda at dengfeng in china is the country's oldest surviving:

brick structure

in contrast to the marble and elaborate ornament used in trajan's forum, the markets were built of

brick-faced concrete

shang technology included skill in:

bronze casting

buddhism took its name from the word ___, which means the enlighted one

buddha

the most widespread religion in china is:

buddhism

the religion founded by siddhartha guatama, which had a major influence on architecture in india, sri lanka, china, tibet, and southeast asia, is:

buddhism

while shinto was the official state religion of japan, from the sixth century ad onward, it was colored by:

buddhism

____ monks walk around a stupa while chanting verses from scripture

buddhist

the viharas at sanchi were built for the:

buddhist monks

begun in 1120 as a temple to vishnu, the vast temple of angkor wat in cambodia is now a:

buddhist temple

what topics were covered in marcus vitruvius pollio's ten books of agrculture

building design design of machines military engineering

_____ is a christian practice

burial

hagia sophia in constantinople has:

buttresses that stabilize the junction of its dome and pendentives thin vaults to minimize thrust and weight 40 windows at the base of its dome

work tied to patronage or tradition to constantinople is termed:

byzantine

the great mosque at damascus was constructed under:

caliphate of al walid i

the invading aryans were light-skinned in comparison to the darker-skinned native indian populations. this distinction between conqueror and conquered became the earliest basis for the:

caste system

if suitable land for a graveyard was not available, the chirsitan community developed underground cemeteries, generally begun in abandoned quarries, known as:

catacombs

the basilica that was built adjacent ot the lateran palace in rome stands today as st. john lateran and is still the:

cathedral of rome

one of the largest interiors built in classical greece was the _____

cella of the parthenon

the house of the surgeon in rome had a:

center doorway that defined the axis of symmetry for the house

the frieze of the _____ illustrates the mythological story of dionysos and the pirates of the tyrrhenian sea

choragic monument of lysikrates

design of a mosque evolved from

christian churches

community houses with a hall for worship, a baptistry, and rooms for the distribution of alms to the needy were established in many cities by:

christians

the structure that was constructed under the patronage of constantine in about 333 over the grotto that tradition identified as the birthplace of Jesus was the:

church of the nativity

the temple of the sibyl in tivoli has a ____ ground plan

circular

the entrance portico of the roman panthenon is rather awkwardly joined to its:

circular cella

in the monumental gateway at perugia, the spaces of the metopes are fillwed with:

circular shields

the 4 buildings erected on the acropolis after the persians were defeated in 479 ushered in the mature phase of greek architecture known as the ____

classical period

except for the court area, which was paved with stone, all the floors of the west house in mycenae were made of:

clay

during church rituals in hagia sophia, the sanctuary space before the apse was claimed by the

clergy

vaulted with stone by the mid-first century bc, the trench that still functions as one of the main sewers of rome is the:

cloaca maxima

the roman structure with the outside dimension of its oval measuring 510 by 615 feet, encompassing seats for an estimated 50,000 people in a continuously rising tier with an additional seating band above is the:

colosseum

features of the bouleterion:

columned porch that led directly to the senate chamber consisted of seats in rows along 3 sides of the rectangular space roof supported on the exterior walls and 4 intermediate columns

early etruscan temples had:

columns and roof structures built of wood high podiums on which they were set

in rome, the early concrete walls were composed of rough stones surrounding a:

concrete core

the belief that those in power are to act benevolently on behalf of their subjects and ordinary people are to show proper deference to the superior wisdom and understanding of their revered leaders is parallel with:

confucianism

in the temple complex of horyuji near nara in japan, the pagoda:

contained symbolic relics of the buddha

the major streets of timgad were lined with _____ to lend dignity and shelter to the sidewalks

continuous colonnades

the tholos sanctuary of asklepios at epidauros employed the ____ order on a substantial scale

corinthian

the ground story of the panthenon's cylindrical cella has:

corinthian order fluted columns and pilasters

the elevation around the colosseum's two upper galleries, reserved for women and slaves, were completed by a fourth level of:

corinthian pilasters without arches

the entablature of the ionic order is composed of an architrave and frieze and is concluded with a

cornice

in typical chinese functions are generally located in separate structures linked through:

corridors, or set in careful relation to common open spaces, rather than being contained under a common roof

based on excavations, it can be seen that the primary element in minoan construction was the _____

courtyard

except for the humblest single-jian houses, chinese buildings tend to occur in ensembles organized around:

courtyards

in a friday mosque, mass prayer takes place in a ______ and the residents of a neighborhood attend it

covered prayer hall

the theotokos church in greece was designed on a ____ plan

cross in square

the theater of marcellus had ramps and stairs that were made of:

cut stone and concrete

the fortification erected to enclose the mycenaean palace compound, whose walls were 18-24ft thick and up to 40ft high, were believed to be the work of giants and the term ____ was used to describe its construction

cyclopean

the ise shrine is constructed of ____ and has an _____

cypress wood that is left unpainted, exterior board walls that support the weight of its roof

laotzu's philosophy was known as:

daoism

the chinese art of feng shui is a further elaboration of the _____ principle that human actions should be in accord with the cosmos

daoist

the rathas at mahabalipuram contained images of

deites

what was depicted on each part of the ceiling mosaic of the baptistery of the orthodox in ravenna: central scene outer ring

depicts Christ's baptism in the river jordan illustrations of altars in semicircular niches and empty thrones

identify the temples at mahabalipuram that are collectively called rathas:

dharmaraja temple bhima temple arjuna temple

if an arch is rotated on its center, it produces a:

dome

features of the dome of the rock

domed central portion of the shrine encloses the rock and a concentric aisle permits circumamulation at its center is a rock, under which lies a small cave with a single opening

a characteristic of much byzantine arhcitecture is a clear preference for ____ on both basilican and centrally planned churches

domes

the byzantines saw the ____ as symbolic of the heavenly sphere, complementary to the early realm of floor and walls below

domes

built in about 550bc, the temple of hera at paestum in southern italy has sturdy _____ columns

doric

which architectural order has the simplest capital atop a fluted shaft and no base

doric

in the colosseum, half stacked columns in the _____ orders were combined with arches of its supporting barrel vaults to create 3 stories of its facade

doric, ionic, and corinthian

st. peter's basilica has:

double aisles on either side of its nave transept extending across its nave in front of its apse

____ was used to stabilize the interior temperature, during both summer and winter, of the small houses that were found along the yellow river valley

earth sheltering

where was each space located: macellum temple of apollo city government offices

east of the pompeii forum west of pompeii forum south of the pompeii forum

in china, buildings of secondayry importance face _____ and are shielded wherever possile by generous overhangs or vegetation

east or west

the largest single element in hadrian's villa at tivoli is the:

east-west terrace

the great south gate at todaiji in japan has ____ that are directly set into the supporting columns

eave brackets

the 2 aegean civilizations were reliant on trade with:

egypt, mesopotamia, asia minor and cyprus

the roman colonnial town of timgad was founded by:

emperor trajan

in the palace of domitian, the large vaulted triclinium with an exedra at the end marked the:

emperor's seat

the temple of fortuna virilis has columns that are:

engaged with the cella walls and not freestanding

the column shafts swell, then diminish, as they rise to the bulbous echinus molding that forms the capital. this change in column diameter is called ____

entasis

describe elements of the western wing of the minoan palace

entrance to the palace was through the west propylaea, or gateway

what was located on the site of the mycenaean palace that was also regarded as the location of the contest between athena and poseidon

erechtheion

the haram at the great mosque at damascus

extends along the entire long south wall

how is each element seen in the temple of apollo epicurius: doric ionic corinthian

external collonade cella side columns single axial column placed at the end of the cella in the temple

in the yellow river valley of china, archaeologists found remains of

farming and craft villages

from early times, chinese indigenous religions included the concept of the complementary duality of _____ which carries over as an artistic principle into architecture and landscape design

female and male

the chinese art of adjusting a building to particular features of an individual site and its microclimate is known as:

feng shui

constructed adjacent to the heliaia, the stoa whose small rooms behind a double colonnade were used for commercial activities and perhaps also for dining was the:

first south stoa

the indus valley cities featured a walled, terraced citadel on high ground, provided with ceremonial buildings, large public storehouses for grain, and mills that could be used in time of peril to shelter and feed the population in cases of:

floods

which structure did each roman leader build: julius caesar augustus vespasian

forum containing a temple and governmental chambers forum to surround the temple of mars ultor forum around a library

the monumental entranceway to trajan's forum was from the:

forum of augustus

the forum, constructed adjacent to the original forum romanum, that was equal in size to all the other for put together and built to the designs of the opollodorus was the

forum of trajan

the lakshmana temple at kajuraho is raised on a rectangular platform and is anchored by:

four small shrines at its corners

what did sir arthur evans find during his excavation of knossos?

frescoes depicting priestesses and celebrants

the _____ of the parthenon ran around the outside of the cella walls behind the colonnade, portraying a procession of athenians bringing gifts to athena

frieze

the _____ of the parthenon ran around the outside of the cella walls behind the colonnade, portraying a sacred procession of athenians bringing gifts to athena

frieze

at temple 17 in sanchi, the sacred image or element that represents gods presence is contained in the:

garbhagriha, or womb-chamber

a minbar is used for:

giving quranic readings, sermons, or official proclamations and addresses

what materials are most frequently used in islamic architectures for ornamentation

glazed brick or tile glass or wood gypsum stucco

in the qing painting style of suzhou, the most prestigious color was:

gold

the walls of most of the streets of pompeii were covered with

graffiti

the dhamaraja, bhima, and arjuna temples at mahabalipuram were carved out of a _____ ridge

granite

one of the most celebrated buildings at pergamon, the greek hellenistic city, that was dedicated to zeus and athena was the:

great altar

the monastery of todaji in japan was destroyed in 1180 and rebuilt in a manner paralleling that of song-dynasty china, which in japan became known as the:

great buddha style

the ____ is the oldest extant mosque that employs islamic architecture traits and illustrates a process through which the form developed

great mosque at damascus

the japanese structure that has main posts that rise to its full height where, at the peak, a series of so-called rainbow beams with frog-leg struts are stacked to support the ridge is

great south gate at todaji

the structure in china that begun in pieces by feudal lords, unified by the first qin emperor in 221bc, and largely rebuilt and extended during the ming dynasty was the:

great wall

in hagia sophia, the church proper is preceeded by a:

groin-vaulted double narthex

the rectangular houses reconstructed based on their foundation remains along the yellow river valley:

had pyramidal roofs were sunk a half-story into the ground

the architects anthemius and isidorus, who were also mathematicians and scientists skilled in mechanics, geometry, and engineering, designed the:

hagia sophia

the byzantine basilica with a central dome, complemented by pairs of semidomes at the front and rear, and a dome on piers at its core is:

hagia sophia

the masterpiece of byzantine architecture is:

hagia sophia

architects of the ______ at the temple complex of jinci, at taiyuan, have supported the temple roof on an elaborate system of transfer beams, so that no interior columns interrupt the space for the large statues of the _____ flanked by her courtly attendants

hall of the sacred mother (sacred mother)

the great cave temple of karli has a:

hall that is 45 feet wide

a friday mosque has:

halls that are square or wide rectangle in shape

the covered prayer hall of a mosque is known as a:

haram

what were the 2 leading cities that formed the most important settlements of the indus valley civilization

harappa, mohenjo daro

archaeology reveals that ____ settlements were laid out according to an orderly grid oriented to the cardinal directions. orthogonal town plans are generally an indication of a high level of central government control, and that seems to have been the case in this culture

harappan

the foundation of the roman panteon was created with:

heavy basalt

the architecture that differs from that of the classical period by shifting away from staid traditions, associated clearly with the region around athens, in favor of showier and freer interpretations as found along the western coast of asia minor is:

hellenistic

in greece, permanent buildings for theatrical performances were constructed in many of the outlying cities during the:

hellenistic period

the streets of pompeii had raised stepping stones at intersections to:

help pedestrians across

under asoka's patronage, all stupas were regularized into ___ forms, creating a symbolic link to the cyclical nature of existence

hemispherical

the doric temple enriched with relief sculptures and an elaborate ceiling of stone coffers, built on the western side of the athenian agora, is the:

hephaisteion

golden dragons in various stylized postures represented the highest level of nobility in the _____ style of qing painitng

hexi

aspects of the cosmos that are incorporated by the use of specific forms, sacred geometry, careful orientation, and axial alignments are fundamental in the construction of:

hindu temples

blended with references to khmer cosmology, the walls and even the roofs of angkor wat are adorned with subjects familiar to:

hindu tradition

what major religions developed in india during the 6th century BC

hinduism, buddhism, jainism

who is regarded as the father of city planning?

hippodamus

what forms are frequently included in the design of most hindu temples:

holy mountain cosmic axis sacred cave

what was originally set atop the ridge of the ise shrine as weights to keep the thatch roof from blowing off in storms and are now used as decorative elements

horizontal tapered logs

the romans developed a more expedient building method by using a new material, _____ derived from volcanic deposits first discovered around puteoli

hydraulic cement

what did vedas contain

hymns and rituals for the worship of gods

the architecture of the great mosque of al mutawakki at samarra, iraq, is an example of a:

hypostyle mosque

raised floor structures, as seen at the ise shrine buildings, were also characteristic of early japanese

imperial palaces

describe the hexi style of qing painting

included the well-known chinese red, dark blue, and leaf green colors

the arch of constantine:

incorporates panels from earlier monuments larger central arch and smaller side arches

following the onset of buddhism in china, buddhist teachings were accompanied by architectural ideas and resulted in chinese buildings that have roots in:

indian practice

the vast temple of angkor wat in cambodia represents a fusion of

indian religion and native khmer tradition

the many lustral basins found in the minoan palace complex were thought to have been used in

initiation rituals

the dominant housing type after the fire that destroyed much of rome in 64ad came to be the apartment block known as:

insula

features of the church of s. apolinare nuovo in ravenna included:

interior focus on semicircular apse single aisles flanking the nave constructed of brick

the friday mosque in isfahan is renowned for its:

intricate brickwork patterns in the domes

hellenistic architecture saw the diminished use of the doric order, which was intimately connected with mainland greece, in favor of the more ornate:

ionic

the ____ was chosen as the most suitable architectural order for erechtheion

ionic

the architectural order that has a base supporting its fluted column shaft and a capital with scrolls is the

ionic

the temple of fortuna virilis superficially resembles an:

ionic greek temple

iwan mosques are most popular in:

iran and central asia

the most celebrated shinto shrine, which has been precisely rebuilt at twenty year intervals since its founding in 690 ad is the:

isa shrine at uji-yamada

a boat-shaped chest containing ia mirro emblelmatic of the sun goddess and of the imperial family, who cliamed descent from her, is at the heart of the

ise shrine

in hadrian's villa, the circular enclosed colonnaded area surrounded by a moat that provided a retreat for meditation or intimate meetings was the:

island enclosure

where was each civilization located: minoans mycenaeans

island of crete several sites on the mainland of greece

what material was used for all exposed parts of athena's body in the statue housed in the cella of the parthenon

ivory

the bibi khanum mosque at samarkand is an ____ mosque

iwan

the religion inspired by the life of vardhamana, who found his version of the path to salvation in a complete rejection of the complex formulations of the brahmins, was:

jainism

in early chinese architecture, a modular unit called the ____ was defined as the basic measure in construction

jian

the hall of the sacred mother is in the:

jinci temple complex at taiyuan

the division between the early christian and byzantine eras is generally made at the reign of _____ an emperor based in constantinople

justinian

what mosaic depiction is on each part of s. vitale donor panels on sides of the apse apse semidome

justinian and his court across from the empress theodora and her attendants Christ flanked by angels, with st. vitalis to Christ's right and bishop ecclesius to the left

what minoan site was rebuilt after being destroyed in 1450BC?

knossos

it is possible that the mainland greeks preserved memories of the minoan site in the legend of king minos and used the term ____ to describe the large, rambling and complicated plan that is the complex at knossos

labyrinth

dominating the center of the court of trajan's forum was a:

large equestrian statue of trajan

the arch of constantine has:

larger central arch and smaller side arches incorporates panels from eralier monuments

the general design of the minarets in the great mosque at damascus may have been based on

lighthouses

the mandala that is commonly used in hindu temples provides:

links to divine proportions

the animal that was associated with royal symbolism in egypt and that came to be used in fortified royal settlements on the greek mainland was the ____

lion

at the monastery of todaji, smaller structures that flanked the kodo on three sides were built as:

living quarters for the monks

pozzolana is a material that:

makes curves and irregular shapes much easier to achieve

geometry derived from a subdivided square called ____ is given importance in the construction and design of hindu temples

mandala

the nave arcade of the church of s. apolinare in classe near ravenna is formed of columns that are made of

marble

the parthenon temple on the athenian acropolis, which was designed by the architects iktinos and kallikrates, was built of _____ from mount pentelikos

marble

s. vitale, in ravenna, displays beautiful products of imperial workshops in both:

marble and mosaic

buildings erected as memorials to commemorate saints or sites of special importance to the christian faith were the:

martyria

the katholikon in athens has an apse semidome mosaic of

mary holding the infant Christ

what was built for the first level of worship

masjid

christian structures erected to contain the tombs of important people were known as:

mausolea

the roman structure whose basilican cross-section was rotated about the center axis to create a circular building, rather than being extended longitudinally to form a basilica, with lower aisle spaces flanking the higher nave and lit by clerestory windows is the:

mausoleum of constantina

from remaining foundations, it appears that the mycenaean palace had many features derived from crete, including a ____ as the major ceremonial space

megaron

hippodamus's design for family houses at miletus used the ____ form as the basic living unit of the house

megaron

in architectural usage, a simple rectangular space having solid long walls without openings and an entrance in the center of one short side describes a _____, an elementary house form

megaron

the northern wing of the propylaea was a _____ perhaps used as a picture gallery or banqueting hall

megaron

at the palace at tiryns in mycenae, a ____ is found on a grand scale

megaron layout

what region with which the indus valley settlements had trade relations

mesopotamia

what were the sources of etruscan economy:

metal trade agiculture

the logic of the doric order is that alternate triglyphs are placed above columns, with ____ in between

metopes

in the monumental gateway at perugia, above the double row of wedge-shaped stones is a decorative motif consisting of:

metopes and triglyphs

the three niches in the great mosque at damascus that indicate the direction of mecca are known as:

mihrabs

elevated platforms at the corners of a mosque from which a caller (muezzin) could summon the faithful to prayer are called

minarets

a raised pulpit inside a mosque is known as a

minbar

who/what is minoan civilization named after?

minos, the name of an early king or the title of a ruler

according to the later greek legends, the half man half-bull that ate youths and maidens and lived in king minos's labyrinth at knossos was the _____

minotaur

the entire site of angkor wat is encircled by a2.5 mile _____ symbolizing the oceans out of which the mountain rises

moat

a masjid is a:

modestly sized structure containing a prayer niche but no facilities for preaching

of the indus valley settlements, the best preserved and most extensive city, estimated to have had a population of 40,000, with tightly packed houses that had water supply through walls and drainage and sewer systems was:

mohenjo daro

the houses of ____ presented virtually blank facades to the street

mohenjo daro

the japanese monastery that included 2 symmetrically placed, 7 story pagodas forward of the inner courtyard enclosing the golden or great buddha hall and kodo was the:

monastery of todaji

the building type most closely associated with islam and the primary place of worship is the:

mosque

even in its somewhat ruined state, the profile of the brick vishnu temple at bhitargaon shows an unmistakable allusion to:

mountain forms

in islamic architecture, some ornamental conditions exploit light, such as glass or translucent screens that filter illumination, and ____ vaults that both reflect and refract it

mugarnas

s. marco in venice is a:

multi dome configuration and model for romanesque churches in the south of france

the propylaea designed by mnesikies accommodated a fragment of the original _____ fortification wall

mycenaean

the ruins at knossos consist of traces of _______

mycenaean cultural influences

where is each triumphal arch located: arch of septimus severus arch of constantine

near the forum romanum near the colosseum

standard roman colonial cities had land reserved for:

neighborhood markets and recreational facilities

was the minoan site of knossos fortified?

no

the temple of apollo epicurius at bassai has main entrances that face ____ rather than ____

north, east

since Jesus was said to have risen from the dead on the eighth day after his entry into jerusalem, baptistery plans were frequently ____ to symbolize regeneration or the resurrection

octagonal

the church of the nativity in bethlehem had an ___ at the head of its nave

octaon

the circular opening at the top of the panthenon's dome, which lets in air and light, in its

oculus

where did each order originate: doric ionic

on the mainland of greece on the islands of the aegean and coast of asia

the dome of the rock is:

one of hte most prominent early shrines

in the context of islamic architecture, the term sahn means ____ in a mosque

open arcaded court

the sanctuary of fortuna primigenia in praeneste near rome has ____ retaining walls

opus incertum

pictograph writing, during the rule of the shang dynasty, was preserved on

oracle bones

in the theater of dionysos, the flat area for dancing, which the concentric seating area focused on, was know as the _____

orchestra

the harappan settlements had ____ town plans

orthogonal

cemeteries, in the town of pompeii, were located:

outside the town gtes

trajan's markets contained:

over 150 shops and offices a groin-vaulted market hall set in a multi story semicircle with adjoining tiered buildings

why were roman temples unsuitable for christian worship

pagan associations

the 5 story structure, in the buddhist temple complex of horyuji near nara in japan, constructed around a single wooden support that rises the full interior height of the building is the:

pagoda

the chinese structure that was inspired by the parasol-like finals atop northern indian stupas and by multi-storied watchtowers from chinese military construction was the

pagoda

the porch of the great cave temple of karli was adorned with:

painted scenes from the life of the buddha

what were the stoas in the athenian agora:

painted stoa royal stoa stoa of zeus

the indus valley, which played a large role in the prehistory of india, is now par of the modern countries of:

pakistan and afghanistan

at mycenae, the largest room that is roughly 40 sq ft is the _____

palace megaron

what roman temples had circular ground plans:

pantheon temple of vesta

the largest and most famous temple on the athenian acropolis was the:

parthenon

the space beside mohammad's house had a:

partially open central court, which served as a gathering place for his followers to hear sermons and prayers

what structural elements are part of the propylaea on the athenian acropolis

passageway lined by 3 pairs of ionic columns central space had 2 unsupported triglyphs

the porch of the great cave temple of karli was marked by paired freestanding columns supporting:

pediments with figures of gods

the greek hellenistic city that originated as a hilltop fortress and grew in terraced steps down from the summit, with level sites for buildings supported on well-engraved retaining walls and linked by monumental stairs is:

pergamon

the featured ornamental carvings on the asoka columns are clearly modeled on ____ originals

persian

the japanese structure consisting of a central hall with open l-shaped wings stretching from either side and a covered corridor attached to the rear like a tail is the:

phoenix hall at uji

the origin of the south indian temple architectural style can be traced to the early seventh century rock cut temples that generally featured a ____ as a prelude to a sanctaury set deep in the interior

pillared hall

temple 17 at sanchi has a small square sanctuary preceded by a:

pillared porch

rubble extracted from the cliff, during the construction of the great cave temple of karli, was used for the construction of a ____ extending to the cave's entrance

platform

one of the best-preserved examples of a roman provincial town, owing to its burial in the eruption of mount vesuvius, was:

pompeii

made of unmortared masonry, the aqueduct that strides 882 feet over the river valley on three tiers of arches, carrying the water channel 160 feet above the level of the river, is the:

pont du gard

the ordering of decoration on the exterior envelopes of islamic religious buildings is typically controlled by

primary and secondary grids

the base of teh brihadeshvara temple at tanjore is an eighty two foot square in plan with a _____ around the central shrine

processional space

what made roman basilicas suitable for christian rituals?

processional space for worship services

the entrance gateway to the athenian acropolis that was designed by mnesikies was known as the ____

propylaea

in the theater of dionysos, the raised platform from which actors declaimed their lines, which was located directly in front of the skene, was known as the:

proskenions

the religious practices of the etruscans, which had much in common with those of egyptians, placed great emphasis on:

providing worldly goods for the afterlife

the halls of the lingaraja temple at bhubaneshwar have ______ roofs

pyramidal

in islamic architecture, the prayer wall is known as a:

qibla

the temples known as rathas at mahabalipuram are set on a:

raised base

the layouts of the early roman temples of the capitolium and the temple of mars ultor were both:

raised on podiums and had a flight of steps leading up to the colonnaded portico of the cella space

the architecture of the japanese ise shrine buildings is believed to have evolved from vernacular designs for granaries:

raised on posts to protect their contents from damp and vermin

originally, the great wall of china was largely made with:

rammed earth

the fine marble work on the colosseum was later removed as the building became a source for:

ready cut stone

the standard roman plan for colonial cities was ___ in shape

rectangular

the attic story of the panthenon's cylindrical cella has:

rectangular openings, resembling windows, set in a patterned marble wall

a masquara is

reserved for the retinue of the caliph

for the vast amounts of water required for the cultivation of rice during the khmer civilization, engineers of that period shaped an enormous artificial landscape in the area around angkor wat, of which the largest features were:

reservoirs

constantine, who gave official sanction to christianity, gave the lateran palace in rome to the early church to serve as a:

residence for the bishop

the philosophy expounded by confucius stressed:

respect for authority as established by the state

early christian church building efforts were mostly based on the plan of the:

roman basilica

christian mausolea were often centrally planned following:

roman practice

with their engingeering kills, the _____ compartmentalized their activities and were able to biuild large interior as well as spaces to hold them

romans

the ____ was a rectangular building with a colonnade and steps along the long side facing the agora

royal stoa

the government building erected on the northwest corner beside the panthenaic way for the city's chief religious magistrate, who was responsible for official sacrifices, administration of the city's festivals, and adjudication of priestly disputes, was the:

royal stoa

the church design of ___ is more sophisticated, with a higher drum and greater internal cohesiveness than at ss. sergius and bacchus

s. vitale

the palace of the legendary king minos that sir arthur evans, the archaeologist investigating the minoan site of knossos, had found was actually a ____

sacred center

what does each element of the khmer temples represent: tower garbhagriha

sacred mountain holy cave at the center of the cosmos

which tholos had an external colonnade composed of 26 doric columns, and a ceiling with ornate coffers with floral decorations

sanctuary of asklepios at epidauros

the parthenon was adorned with ____ on both the inside and the outside

sculpted figures

s. vitale in ravenna has:

semidomes over each of its niches

the native religion of japan, which reveres natural forces essential to agriculture through rituals adn celebrations at shrines, is:

shinto

celebrated christian martyria used to attract large crowds for services, but major importance was always attached to the ____ around which they were built

shrines

the phoenix hall that is located at uji in japan has:

side wings that rise up 2 stories, terminating in gable-roof pavilions

buddhism was transmitted to china during the first or second centuries ad by merchant caravans moving along the _____ across central asia, connecting china, persia, and india

silk roads

the roof of the splendid porch of the erechtheion, which faces the parthenon, is supported by the

six caryatid maidens

in the theater of dionysos, the backdrop structure that was located behind the orchestra was known as the:

skene

______ were reconstructed based on foundation remains at banpo in the yellow river valley in china

small houses with both circular and rectangular plans

to take maximum advantage of the sun and prevailing winds, principal buildings in china tend to face:

south

triparte cella in etruscan temples was oriented in only 1 direction, generally to the:

south

in a mosque, a maqsura is a

special processional area

features of hippodamus's design that contributed to the rebuilding of the harbor town of miletus:

specified the location of civic building encompassed typical single-family houses for an estimated population of 15000-20000 specified layout of streets and positioning of open spaces

the oculus ring of the roman pantheon was created with:

spongelike volcanic rock

in typical chinese timber halls, ornament appeared on ceilings and around windows and on doors as paneling or lattice work in the form of:

squares, diamonds, and parallelograms

the square central bay of the katholikon was transformed into an octagon, which supports a drum and dome thirty feet in diameter, by:

squinches

what byzantine structure is essentially a domed octagon surrounded by aisles and galleries encased in a square

ss. sergius and bacchus

the apse mosaics of the church of s. apolinare in classe near ravenna depict

st. apollinaris gurading a flock of twelve sheep

the roman building with paired aisles on either side of a lofty nave that was concluded by an apse containing the cathedra and seats for the priests is:

st. john lateran

what was portrayed on each tier of the nave wall of the churhc of s. apollinare nuovo: lowest tier highest tier

stately processions of female saints and male martyrs advancing toward the altar scenes representing the passion story and miracles of Christ

the baths of diocletian had:

statues placed inside and out interiors finished with amrble veneers and mosaics

a gap in the buildings at the base of the hill allowed for the extension of the eastern axis of the hephaisteion across the agora to the:

stoa of attalos

angkor wat is built entirely in :

stone

at the temple of hera, built during the archaic period, the original wooden columns were replaced with _____

stone

the primary materials used in the construction of the houses at pompeii were:

stone and brick

an examination of aegean artifacts suggests:

strong influence from mesopotamia as well as contact with egypt

what struggles were depicted by the relief sculptures in the metopes of the parthenon frieze

struggle between greeks and trojans struggle between greeks and amazons struggle between gods and giants

the cremated remains of the buddha were divided by his followers and placed in locations that were marked by a simple mound of rubble and earth known as a:

stupa

the great mosque in cordoba has:

superimposed arches that connect the columns

mycenae was situated on high ground, allowing for what?

surveillance of the coast

the qing painting style that is less stylized, featuring images of houses, pavilions, garden buildings, and linear spaces as well as fruits and flowers, animals, insects, and celestial beings is the:

suzheu

what is unique about the greek theater at epidauros?

system of radial and cross aisles provides circulation from entrances at multiple levels continuous benches raised slightly above the rows in front of them

in the house of the surgeon at pompeii, the most distinguished room that had direct access to both the light sources of the house was the:

tablinium

asoka columns are:

tall columns inscribed with buddhist teachings

a study of the ancient architecture in india and southeast asia is to a very large extent an examination of the development of ____ architecture

temple

the major contribution to architectural history made by greek architects and builders during the archaic period was the ____ which originated as a home for the gods

temple

what greek temples are from the archaic period

temple of artemis temple of hera

in the acropolis of athens, the ____ perches on rocks that were once the site of an ancient bastion on the edge of the hilltop forward of the propylaea

temple of athena nike

in ancient india, the primary buildings erected in durable materials like stone and brick were the:

temples

the _____ built by greek architects during the archaic period, were based on the design of the mycenaean megaron with a rear room, a naos, and a front porch

temples

______ are a distinctive regional style of temple architecture that developed in the south of india

temples with multi-colored halls

building a true arch require a:

temporary timber formwork to support the vousoirs

the entrance of the villa of the mysteries led into the peristyle, followed by the atrium and finally the tablinium, while its three non entrance sides were surrounded by extensive:

terraced gardens

recent scholarship questions the derivation of the architectural orders from wood, proposing instead that the orders developed from a monumental decorative style using molded _____ details

terracotta

what elements became the basis for the construction of early roman structural systems:

the arch the vault the dome

what architectural practice of the etruscans indicated their links with the architecture of asia minor:

the arch and vault in monumental gateways

what was unique about the parthenon?

the columns at the corners were closer together

the west pediment of the parthenon had the over-lifesized sculpted figure representing ______

the contest between athena and poseidon for control of athens

who can enter the innermost shrine building of the ise shrine?

the emperor

according to the logic of the doric order, what is employed in order to avoid the problem of any 2 half-metopes intersecting corners?

the final complete metope before the corner is generally elongated

what characteristics of ionic architecture came from: coast of asia minor mainland of greece

the frieze is usually treated as three stepped bands of masonry the frieze often features continuous sculpted relief

daoism seeks:

the harmony of human action and the world through the study of nature

what were features of the west house, located near the treasury of atreus, in mycenae?

the porch, vestibule, and domos were the major spaces of the house the roof was probably flat, and both it and the upper story were framed in wood

what is a megaron?

the precursor to the classical temple

what was a feature of upper class etruscan housing based on tomb excavations at cerveter:

the rooms of these houses were grouped around an inner court

the structure of the basilica nova in rome allowed:

the semicircular barrel vaults and their support walls to provide lateral stability for the groin vaults

the outline of the great mosque at damascus was determined by

the shape of the roman shrine

for chinese buildings from the period before about 2000bc, there is little information because

the sites are still occupied

in the friday mosque in isfahan, rather than covering one bay of the columnar hall,

the southern dome of the mosque covers 20 bays

what do each of vitruvius's three orders of architecture represent: doric ionic corinthian

the sturdiest of all and based on the proportions of a man lighter in character to reflect the proportions of a woman slenderest of all and had a highly decorated capital to suggest the form and proportions of a young maiden

roman construction during the time of the republic can be understood by marcus vitruvius polio's:

the ten books of architecture

the theater that was built in 2 stages, the lower 5000 seats in 34 tiers dating from 350BC & the upper 21 tiers dating from the 2nd century BC, extending its total capacity to about 14000 seats, was the:

theater at epidauros

for theatrical performance, 5th century athenians constructed the ____ on the south side of the acropolis hill

theater of dionysos

the roman structure with a semicircule of 11000 seats that rose in 3 tiers and focused on a rectangular stage building that formed the backdrop for the drama was the:

theater of marcellus

the final transitional experience to the circular corinthian temple of the sanctuary of fortuna primigenia, which houses the statue of fortuna primigenia, is the:

theater surrounded by a semicircular stoa

the largest and best preserved circular tomb at mycenae, also known as the beehive tomb, is the ___

tholos

cyclopean masonry was found at the palace of ____ in mycenae

tiryns

the minbar in the great mosque of damascus is located

to the right of the central mihrab

much of what is known about early etruscan residential designes has been deduced from:

tomb architecture and funerary urns made in the shape of miniature dwellings

in the basilica of st. peter in rome, placed at the junciton of transept and apse was the:

tomb of st. peter

the elaborate stone entrance gates of the stupa at sanchi, with carved figures representing buddhist legends, are known as:

toranas

in the context of the shinto shrines, the ise shrine at uji-yamada consists of 2 shrines; each shrine has 4 concentric sets of fences surrounding the shrine and can be entered through a gateway called:

torii

the eraly khmer temples had a ____ with a walled enclosure

tower sanctuary

who is the outer shrine at ise shrines dedicated to

toyouke, goddess of agriculture and the earth

the romoan pantheon looks like a ______ but is in fact a structure based on _____

trabeated construction, arches and vaults

among the constructions adjacent to the original forum romanum, the structure that was flanked by 2 library buildings, one for greek and one for latin texts, is

trajan's column

the marble shaft nearly 100 feet high on a fifteen foot high base and carved with a spiraling narrative relief illustrating trajan's victories in the dacian wars is:

trajan's column

all 3 major religions that developed in india during the 6th century BC shared a general belief in the

transmigration of souls

the exterior walls of the colosseum were clad in a cream-colored marble known as:

travertine

to present a smooth exterior and an irregular inner face for maximum bonding surface with a soupy cement mixture, the romans increasingly used ____ as the concrete facing during imperial times

triangular bricks

prior to the reign of emperor constantine, christian services were held in domesitc rooms of private homes, most often the:

triclinium

etruscan temples typically contained a:

triparte cella

the north entrance of the forum in pompeii, which prevented wheeled vehicles from intruding on the pedestrian domain, was marked by a:

triumphal arch

voussoirs set in a curved shape, often a semicircle, are used to construct a:

true arch

the passage connecting the sanctuary and the porch of the brick vishu temple at bhitargaon is unusual because of its incorporation of ____ construction

true-arch

the greatly simplified architectural order that had the basic characteristics of the doric but no fluting on the column shafts or sculpture on the fireze used in the early etruscan temple architecture, was the:

tuscan

the songyue pagoda at dengfeng in china is a ______, parabolic cylinder

twelve-sided

the idgab is used for:

universal corporate worship

the earliest roman vaults were built for:

utilitarian structures

if an arch is continued along its longitudinal axis; it produces a:

vault

using arches, vaults, and domes, roman architects could make the space between supports much larger because

vaulted construction carries the structural load almost compltely in compression

the oldest indian sacred writings, dating from 1500-900BC, are the:

vedas

the stupa at sanchi has a massive stone ___ with 4 carved gates at the cardinal points of the compass

verdica

to indicate their sacred character, the buddhist stupas created during asoka's reign were protected by an enclosing fence, which delimited the path for circumambulation, known as a:

verdica

an idgab is a:

very large, unroofed open space with a long prayer wall on one side

the roman structure that grew gradually over a period of 300 years from a simple house to a complex of 60 rooms is the:

villa of the mysteries

the bibi khanum mosque at samarkand's constituent element, the iwan, is:

walled on three sides and open on the other

the weight of the masonry in vaulted construction pushes not only downward but also outward on the supports on which it rests, and this outward thrust must be countered by dead weight. this is why vaulted construciton requires:

walls or piers that are much thicker than those used in post and lintel buildings

in the temple complex of horyujinear nara in japan, the golden hall:

was the repository for religious images

graves from the mycenaean period preserve a large number of golden objects and _____

weapons of all sorts

the roman insulae:

were designed around central courtyards had shops located on the ground floor street frontages

the ise shrine at uji-yamada has:

white stones that cover the courtyard in which the shrine buildings are set serene gabled-roof structures with elegent yet simple detailing

s. marco in venice has:

windows at the bases of some domes illuminate the upper reaches of the church and cause the gold ground mosaics to sparkle hemispherical internal domes over each arm of the greek cross and a central one over the crossing

in contrast to the permanent materials employed for the shrines at sanchi, viharas were constructed of:

wood

the nanchan monastery in china is constructed of:

wood

the pagoda at the fogong monastery in shanxi province is the oldest surviving pagoda constructed entirely in _____, and is one of the tallest constructions in the world

wood

the primary material of early chinese architecture that was used most often in post-and beam construction was:

wood

the primary material of early chinese architecture that was used most often in post-and-beam construction was:

wood

vitruvius maintains that the architectural orders were derived from earlier architecture in _____, a material that was once used for temples

wood

the basilica at the forum in pompeii was covered by a:

wooden gabled roof

in less affluent pompeii houses, walls were often provided by a:

wooden structural frame filled with rubble or brick

the entire colosseum building was masonry, a combination of cut stone and concrete resting on carefully laid foundations, except for its top level of seats, which rested on:

wooden supports

st. john lateran had open:

wooden trussse spanning its nave and aisles

dragons and brocades and a hierarchical ordering of color from gold and jadelike blue-green down to blue, green, black, and white were prominent in the ____ style of qing painting

xuanzi

patterns of whirling flowers were a feature of the qing painting style of:

xuanzi