Chapter 2 Abnormal Psychology
Genetic studies _______ used as a part of the usual clinical assessment to determine the diagnosis of depression. are always are frequently would not be are never
Not sure but it is not letter a
Which of the following does NOT occur in single-case design research? After a certain number of replications, the focus shifts to analyzing aggregate data from multiple patients. Each individual is a complete experiment, acting as both the treatment and the comparison condition. The researcher applies and withdraws a treatment, maintaining a continuous assessment of the target behavior. Behavior changes as a result of self-monitoring is usually only temporary.
a
As a technology used for neuroimaging, the MRI is a) superior to CT technology because it does not require the use of radiation. b) superior to CT technology because it requires radiation, which delivers better cross-sectional images of the brain. c) inferior to CT technology because it does not require the use of radiation. d) considered just as good as CT technology because it requires radiation as well.
a) A superior to CT technology because it doesn't not require the use of radiation
The ________ release(s) epinephrine in response to external or internal stressors such as anger or fright. a) adrenal glands b) pituitary gland c) thyroid d) pancreas
a) Adrenal glands
The purpose of the first NCS study was to a) assess the prevalence and associated characteristics of various psychological disorders. b) conduct a standardized mental health survey among females in the United States. c) conduct diagnostic interviews on a new sample of 10,000 adult respondents. d) determine the prevalence of mental health disorders in adolescents.
a) Assess the prevalence and associated characteristics of various psychological disorders
The oldest part of the brain regulates? a) breathing, heartbeat, and motor control. b) sleep c) emotions and impulses. d) reasoning, abstract thought, and creativity.
a) Breathing, heartbeat, and motor control
Which statement appropriately describes a significant correlation between variables? a) b) Persons with severe symptoms will not have positive treatment responses. c) Drinking alcohol moderately can prevent dementia. d) Cigarette smoking and lack of exercise cause heart disease.
a) Exercise frequency and higher education levels are associated with lower risk factors for developing dementia.
Two large studies of MZ twins suggest genetic factors strongly influence a) IQ. b) favorite television show. c) choice of mate. d) hair style.
a) IQ
Nan, who has had an injury to her frontal lobe, may experience difficulties with a) problem solving b)labeling objects c) naming family members d) mentally rotating a three-dimensional object in space
a) Problem solving
Translation research is a a) scientific approach that focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research. b) Cultural approach that studies the relationship between basic science and abnormal behaviors within cultures. c) psychological approach that relies on applied clinical research and basic human behaviors. d) biological approach that determines how biological predispositions may contribute to abnormal behaviors.
a) Scientific approach that focused in communication between basic science and applied clinical research
A patient with an injury to the frontal lobe may experience difficulties with a) sexual behavior b) auditory comprehension c) imagining rotating a three-dimensional object in space d) auditory and visual information
a) Sexual behavior
What is the difference between clinical and statistical significance? a) Statistical significance refers to the mathematical probability that after treatment, changes that occurred in the treatment group were actually due to the treatment but may not have any practical or clinical value. Clinical significance examines whether significant findings have practical or clinical value. b) Statistical significance refers to the mathematical probability that after treatment, changes that occurred in the treatment group were actually due to the treatment. Statistical changes always prove the practical or clinical value while clinical significance tracks these effective treatments in real world clinical settings. c) There is no difference between clinical and statistical significance. Both refer to the mathematical probability that changes after treatment were actually due to the treatment and track these occurrences in clinical settings. d) Statistical significance examines whether significant findings have practical or clinical value. Clinical significance refers to the mathematical probability that after treatment, changes that occurred in the treatment group were actually due to the treatment but may not have any practical or clinical value.
a) Statistical significance refers to the mathematical probability that after treatment, changes that occurred in the treatment group were actually due to the treatment but may not have any practical or clinical value. Clinical significance examines whether significant findings have practical or clinical value
Which of the following is (are) NOT found in females? a) testes b) ovaries c) pancreas d) adrenals
a) Testes
Tucker is 2-years-old and has a habit of pinching people. A psychologist devised the following behavioral treatment plan to try to stop Tucker from pinching. Since Tucker's favorite toy was a garbage truck, the psychologist directed his parents to give Tucker the toy to play with as long as he did not pinch people. If Tucker began to pinch, then they were to take the toy away from Tucker for varying lengths of time. Tucker's parents were asked to record the number of times Tucker pinched during each day. Tucker stopped pinching after the first three weeks of treatment. Then, the treatment program was gradually withdrawn over the next month. In this ABAB design scenario, which element represents the "B" phase? a) the garbage truck to play with if Tucker did not pinch b) the daily frequency of Tucker's pinching c) no garbage truck to play with regardless if Tucker did or did not pinch d) the overall duration of the plan
a) The garbage truck to play with if Tucker didn't pinch
Which of the following is FALSE about the NCS-R data? a) The intervals between the time a person's mental disorder begins and his or her first attempt to seek treatment is relatively short. b) Untreated mental disorders were associated with teen pregnancy. c) Twenty-six percent of respondents met diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder within the past year. d) Almost half of the people with one mental disorder also met the criteria for at least one other disorder.
a) The intervals between the time a person's mental disorder begins and his or her first attempt to seek treatment is relatively short.
Which of the following is a dependent variable? a) the rate of claustrophobic symptoms in a group of individuals with claustrophobia compared to a group of individuals without claustrophobia b) a treatment for claustrophobia c) a group of individuals without claustrophobia used in a study on claustrophobia d) a relationship between nyctophobia and claustrophobia
a) The rate of claustrophobic symptoms in a group of individuals with claustrophobic compared to a group of individuals without claustropobia
Individuals sampled at the same time working in the same factory is an example of a(n) ________ cohort. a) inception b) birth c) exposure d) longitudinal
a) inception
When moderate levels of stress are associated with optimal performances in testing situation or athletic performances, there is ___________ between the variables. a strong positive correlation a curvilinear relation no relation a strong negative correlation
b
Typical neurons are composed of how many parts? a) 3: the axon, dendrites, and axon terminals b) 4: the soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals c) 5: the soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, and pons d) 2: the soma and axon
b) 4; The soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals
Which of the following individuals would be referred to as a proband in a familial aggregation study? a) a father with a malformed arm b) a daughter with an anxiety disorder c) a normal functioning twin d) a prepubescent son
b) A daughter with an anxiety disorder
Which of the following elements is found in a case study? a) an experimental variable b) a focus on assessment or description c) a correlation coefficient d) a control group
b) A focus on assessment or description
The human nervous system has two main parts: the _________ and the __________. a) brain; spinal cord b) central nervous system; peripheral nervous system c) sensory-somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system d) central nervous system; partial nervous system
b) Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
A research design assessing sexual conduct among 10th and 12th graders one time is most likely what type of research design? a) longitudinal b) cross-sectional c) latitudinal d) exposure
b) Cross Sectional
Which of the following conditions must be present to conduct a genomewide linkage analysis? a) small families with one or two occurrences of the same disorder as well as a small sample of "affected relative pairs" b) either large families with many individuals suffering from the same disorder or large samples of "affected relative pairs" c) a small sample of "affected relative pairs" d) large groups of unrelated individuals with similar family backgrounds
b) Either large families with many indivuals suffering from the same disorder or large samples of affected relative pairs
In a ________________ hundreds of thousands of possible genetic risk factors scattered across the genome are tested for association in the same study. a) family history analysis b) genomewide association study c) candidate gene association d) genomewide linkage analysis
b) Genomewide association study
Most drug treatments affect one or more of the core ________by influencing their availability and/or their action on the brain. a) adrenals b) neurotransmitters c) neurons d) gonads
b) Neurotransmitters
Based on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which of the following is TRUE about reported cigarette use by 9th graders? a) In 2005, cigarette use increased among White, non-Hispanic females. b) Ninth graders were less likely to smoke or report usage in 2005 than in 1991. c) In 1995, Black, non-Hispanic females were more likely to smoke than Hispanic females. d) The rate of cigarette use decreased from 9th to 12th grade in 1991.
b) Ninth graders were less likely to smoke or report usage in 2005 than in 1991
The _________ nervous system in the body is responsible for returning body functions to resting levels after they have been activated. a) central b) parasympathetic c) sympathetic d)sensory-somatic
b) Parasympathetic
MZ twins result when the zygote separates and yields two embryos in ________ after conception. a) weeks eight or nine b) the first two weeks c) the second trimester d) weeks four or five
b) The first two weeks
Which outcome is most likely to result from a longitudinal study? a) a clear relationship between the cause of autism and its effects on families b) the natural course of autism c) a snapshot in time of what it is like to live with an autistic sibling d) inconclusive incidence rates of autism
b) The natural course of autism
Which is NOT a reason why women were excluded from medical and clinical research well into the 1980s? a) the inherent difficulty in controlling for biological differences between the sexes, which increased the complexity and the cost of any research design b)the unwillingness of women to subject their bodies to medical and clinical research studies c)the unknown effect of new medications on the developing fetus and the difficulty of making sure women did not become pregnant during the course of the study d)he difficulty in controlling the menstrual cycle, which can influence response to many interventions
b) The unwillingness of women to subject their bodies to medical and clinical research studies
Which of the following is an example of Mendel's law of segregation? a) Every short person has blue eyes. b) Two brown-eyed parents may have a blue-eyed child. c)People with blue eyes are usually tall d)Two blue-eyed parents are most likely to have a short child.
b) Two brown-eyed parents may have a blue-eyed child
Which is an example of Mendel's law of independent assortment? a) Two blue-eyed parents having a child with blue eyes. b) Two tall, blue-eyed parents having children with blue eyes and varying heights. c) Two tall, blue-eyed parents having all tall, blue-eyed children. d) A parent with brown eyes and a parent with blue eyes having a child together with blue eyes.
b) Two tall, blue eyed parents having children with blue eyes and varying heights
Which of the following statements is TRUE about internal validity? a) Internal validity assessment does not rely on data from the independent variable in a study. b) When internal validity increases, external validity often decreases. c) Internal validity is not correlated with external validity. d) Internal validity assessment does not rely on data from the dependent variable
b) When internal validity increases, external validity often decreases
A distribution shape that looks like a hill or inverted "U" represents which of the following correlations? a) no relation b) a curvilinear relation c) a strong positive correlation d) a strong negative correlation
b) a curvilinear relation
Individuals sampled based on a common exposure or event, such as surviving a plane crash, would constitute an example of a(n) ________ cohort. a) inception b) exposure c) longitudinal d) birth
b) exposure
In randomized controlled designs, what is most likely NOT a factor that affects the study's conclusions? a) participant selection procedures b) in-depth, individualized information on each participant c) internal and external validity d) assessment strategies
b) in depth, individual information on each partcipant
Which of the following parts are located in the hindbrain section of the brain stem? a) hypothalamus, thalamus, and corpus callosum b) medulla, pons, and cerebellum c) pons, thalamus, and hypothalamus d) cerebellum, corpus callosum, and medulla
b) medulla, Pons and cerebellum
Which of the following statements is TRUE about case studies? a) Case studies do not allow for the collection of rare phenomena. b) Conclusions can be drawn from the results of case studies. c) Case studies do not make any firm conclusions about the cause(s) of symptoms or change following treatment. d) Case studies should never be used to develop educated guesses about what might cause certain symptoms in depressed patients.
c) Case studies do not make any firm conclusions about the causes of symptoms or change following treatment
twin birth resulting in one boy and one girl is known as which type of twin pair? a) monozygotic b) identical c) dizygotic d) maternal
c) Dizygotic
Kyle is in a controlled depression study with a variety of other individuals. He suffers from depression and anxiety. Others in the study also suffer from more than one type of psychological disorder. He is in the test group and receives treatments in a clinic by a clinician. The study's researcher is also collecting data on the cost-benefit ratio of treatment. In what type of research is Kyle most likely participating? a) effectiveness research, emphasizing internal validity b) efficacy research, trying to increase internal validity c) effectiveness research, focusing more on external validity d) efficacy research, attempting to maximize internal validity
c) Effectiveness research, trying to increase internal validity
The temporal lobe is one of ________ lobes of the brain and is associated with __________. a) three; visual processing b) five; judgment and problem solving c) four; labeling of objects and verbal memory d) two; sexual and social behavior
c) Four; labeling of objects and verbal memory
Which method do molecular geneticists use? a) only candidate gene association studies b) only genome wide linkage analysis c) genomewide linkage analysis, candidate gene association studies, and genomewide association studies d) only genome wide linkage analysis and genome wide association studies
c) Genomewide linkage analysis, candidate gene association studies, and Genome wide association studies
Which of the following is NOT included in abnormal psychology case studies? a) detailed clinical information regarding the subject b)significant background material regarding the subject c) group-based research and conclusion on group data d)an assessment of the subject's diagnosis and subsequent treatment
c) Group-based research and conclusion on group data
Gregor Mendel's research discovered two genetic laws of heredity by working with which of the following? a) bees b) fruit flies c) peas d) roses
c) Peas
Historically, group-based research in abnormal psychology has a) included pregnant women. b) included women. c) restricted samples with regard to race and ethnicity. d) included older adults.
c) Restricted sales with regard to race & ethnicity
External validity is defined as? a) attempts to maximize efficacy, allowing the researcher to feel confident in identifying causal relationships. b) the extent to which the study design allows conclusions that the intervention (IV) caused changes in the outcome (DV). c) the ability to generalize study findings to situations and people outside the experimental setting. d) attempts to replicate "real" world results.
c) The ability to generalize study finding to situations and people outside the experimental setting
Which statement is TRUE about clinical studies? a) Most studies represent the population in terms of age but fail to accurately represent gender. b) Ethnic minority groups are adequately represented in clinical studies. c) They do not adequately represent the population in terms of age, gender, and ethnicity. d) Gender and age are overly represented in clinical studies.
c) They do not adequately represent the population in terms of age, gender, and ethnicity
Which is an example of a SINGLE CASE design? a) a study examining depression in large groups of people across several diverse occupations, looking for similarities in descriptions of depressive behaviors and treatment outcomes b) a study involving a positive correlation between age and anxiety c) a study setting a baseline phase for a subject's frequency of overeating before moving to a treatment phase, alternating between each phase to assess their impact on the behavior d) a study attempting to prove causation between education levels and the onset of dem
c) a study setting a baseline phase for a subject's frequency of overeating before moving to a treatment phase, alternating between each phase to assess their impact on the behavior
What is a limitation of single-case design? They are not useful in situations in which it is unethical to withhold treatment completely, but necessary to test the causal relationship between the treatment and the person's behavior. They allow clinicians to use experimental strategies to determine whether a treatment is effective for a particular patient. Single-case designs allow researchers to generalize the results to heterogeneous groups of people. They do not address the impact of individual differences which may be important in determining treatment response.
d
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of efforts to encourage underrepresented groups to participate in research in recent decades? a) increased cultural sensitivity b) enhanced generalizability of study findings to more people c) the NIH requiring all grant applications to include specific recruitment plans targeting traditionally underrepresented groups d) an increased lack of trust and fear of stigmatization
d) An increased lack of trust and fear of stigmatization
_________ is a research approach that focuses on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and the factors that influence those patterns. a) Pathology b) Physiology c) Histology d) Epidemiology
d) Epidemiology
Which part of the forebrain has been linked with memory deficits that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease? a) corpus callosum b) medulla c) hypothalamus d) hippocampus
d) Hippocampus
Which of the following represents a positive correlation? a) decreased rates of bulimia nervosa having no linear relationship to rates of anxiety disorders in girls b) increased rates of bulimia nervosa associated with decreased rates of anxiety disorders in girls c) decreased rates of bulimia nervosa associated with increased rates of anxiety disorders in girls d) increased rates of bulimia nervosa associated with increased rates of anxiety disorders in girls
d) Increased rates of bulimia nervosa associated with increased rates of anxiety disorders in girls
Which of the following is NOT a valid and reliable assessment used to evaluate depression by researchers? a) global ratings by expert evaluators b) participant self-report c) psychobiological measures d) indirect, or summarized, observations of participant behavior
d) Indirect, or summarized, observations of participant behavior
Which technology used to detect brain function creates images based on the detection of radiation from the emission of positrons? a) fMRI b) MRI c) CAT scan d) PET scan
d) Pet scan
Which of the following should a researcher do if she wants the best clinical sample for her depression study? a) Accept people from the same community groups. b) Place an ad in the paper seeking people with a fear of crowds. c) Recruit on college campuses. d) Recruit people from her depression treatment center.
d) Recruit people from her depression treatment center
In which of the following cases would a reverse of treatment be unethical or impractical? a) taking a favorite food away from an overeater if they do not stay within their daily caloric intake range b) taking a favorite toy away from a child who throws tantrums before bedtime c) removing a treatment that reduces the number of cigarettes smoked per day d) removing a treatment that reduces self-injurious behavior
d) Removing treatment that reduces self-injurious behavior
Which of the following is an example of a CASE study? a) a study using a controlled group design that includes independent and dependent variables to research effective eating disorder treatments b) a study involving a positive correlation between age and anxiety c) a study attempting to prove a causation between education levels and the onset of dementia d) a study intensively examining one family's frequency of depression diagnosis that includes assessments or descriptions of depressive behaviors and treatment outcomes
d) a study intensively examining one family's frequency of depression diagnosis that includes assessments or descriptions of depressive behaviors and treatment outcomes
Which of the following is an experimental variable? a) an individual discussion of life history of depression b) an equal probability of being assigned to either the group receiving treatment for claustrophobia or to the group not receiving the treatment c) a relationship between nyctophobia and claustrophobia d) a treatment for claustrophobia
d) a treatment for claustrophobia