Chapter 2: Anatomy

Ninety-six percent of body weight is made up of ____ elements.

4 (Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen)

An ionic bond is _____.

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell of one atom to that of the other.

Which of the following describes the difference between a colloid and a suspension?

A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot.

What does a phospholipid consists of?

A glycerol backbone linked to two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus containing group.

Which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction?

A high concentration of reagents. (Chemical reactions take place faster if the reacting particles are present in a high number.)

In hydrolysis, ____.

A molecule of water is added for each bond broken.

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?

ATP

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?

Alkaline Solution

The monomers of proteins are ______.

Amino acids

The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other?

An R group

When atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules, the process is known as ___.

Anabolism (process by which atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules.)

Chemical bonds ______.

Are energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms.

Each known element is designated with a one-or-two letter chemical shorthand known as the _____.

Atomic Symbol

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?

Atoms

Sugars contain all of the following EXCEPT _____.

Calcium

An organic compound is analyzed, and it has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This compound is most likely a _______.

Carbohydrate, have CHO with a 1:2:1 ratio

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is _____.

Catabolic and exergonic (Catabolism is the process by which large complex molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules and atoms, which is an exergonic, or energy-releasing, process).

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.

DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A,T,G, and C bases.

Which statement about enzymes is FALSE?

Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form.

A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. T/F?

False

How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule?

Four

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ____.

Glycogen

Which of the following are purines?

Guanine and Adenine

What is a type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure?

Hydrogen Bond

pH is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of _____.

Hydrogen ions in a solution

Enzymes _____ the rate of a chemical reaction by _____ the activation energy.

Increase; lowering

What is a bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved?

Ionic Bond

All electrolytes are ____.

Ions, which are capable of conducting an electrical current.

Which of the following statements about kinetic energy is INCORRECT?

It is a type of stored energy

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.

Prostaglandins are _______.

Lipids (Prostaglandins are eicosanoids, which are diverse lipids found in the cell membrane).

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.

Would water still be a polar molecule if it were NOT in the form of a V but rather were linear like carbon dioxide?

No, because the difference in the pull of oxygen on the bonding electrons would be neutralized. Like in carbon dioxide, the difference in electronegativity of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms would be neutralized by being in a straight line.

What is a bond in which electrons are shared equally?

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

The building blocks (monomers) of RNA and DNA are ____.

Nucleotides

Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements?

Nucleus

Which of the following lipids are thought to decrease heart disease?

Omega-3 fatty acids

What is a bond in which electrons are shared unequally?

Polar Covalent Bond

The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the ____ structure of the protein.

Primary, is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?

Proteins

Molecular chaperones help ____ fold.

Proteins (molecular chaperones are enzymes that aid in the desired folding of proteins).

Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in pH when ____ are added to a solution.

Proton donors or proton acceptors (Buffers for pH accept or release protons).

Which functional group makes one amino acid differ from another?

R groups

Which of the following types of energy moves in waves?

Radiant Energy

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____.

Removal of a water molecule between each two units.

Which of the following is true of protein structure?

Secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups. Hydrogen bonding between certain amine and carboxyl groups creates alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

A homogeneous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a _____.

Solution

The important cholesterol-based molecules are ____.

Steroids

Which of the following statements about dipoles is INCORRECT?

The dipole molecules are electrically balanced. (Non-polar molecules, not dipole molecules, are electrically balanced)

What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond?

The sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.

Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. T/F?

True

Suppose that the carbon atom pictured here as a reactant had already formed a double bond with another carbon atom. How many hydrogen atoms would now be required to fill the carbon's outer shell?

Two bonds have been formed in the double bond with another carbon, and two hydrogen atoms will be needed to fulfill the other two.

In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils at room temperature have ____.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?

Valence Electrons

The outermost energy shell of an atom is known as its ______.

Valence Shell

Which of the following is considered the universal solvent?

Water is a solvent and makes up 60%-80% of the volume of most living cells.

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.