Chapter 2 Book Quiz

In organizational justice, distributive justice concerns the fairness of a. the process by which outcomes are allocated. b. the individual coworkers' attitudes in relation to the unethical behavior. c. the judge who decides the outcome. d. outcomes individuals receive.

d. outcomes individuals receive.

Low uncertainty

Cultures with low uncertainty avoidance are more tolerant of ambiguity. People are more willing to take risks and are more tolerant of individual differences. Conflict is seen as constructive, and people accept dissenting viewpoints. Norway and Australia are characterized by low uncertainty avoidance, and this trait is seen in the value placed on job mobility. Japan and Italy are characterized by high uncertainty avoidance, so career stability is emphasized

Low power distance

In countries with a low power distance, people believe that inequality in society should be minimized. People at various power levels are less threatened by and are more willing to trust one another. Managers and employees see one another as similar. Managers are given power only if they have expertise. Employees frequently bypass the boss in order to get work done in countries with a low power distance, such as Denmark and Australia.

Individualism versus Collectivism

Individualism versus Collectivism In cultures in which individualism predominates, people belong to loose social frameworks, but their primary concern is for themselves and their families. People are responsible for taking care of their own interests. They believe that individuals should make decisions. Cultures characterized by collectivism are tightly knit social frameworks in which individual members depend strongly on extended families or clans. Group decisions are valued and accepted.

Masculinity versus Femininity

Masculinity versus Femininity In cultures that are characterized by masculinity, assertiveness and materialism are valued. Men are expected to be assertive, tough, and decisive and women to be nurturing, modest, and tender. Money and possessions are important, and performance is what counts. Achievement is admired. Cultures characterized by femininity emphasize relationships and concern for others. Both men and women are expected to assume assertive and nurturing roles. Quality of life is important; people and the environment are emphasized.

High power distance

Power Distance In countries with a high power distance, bosses have more power simply because they are the bosses. Titles are used, formality is the rule, and authority is seldom bypassed. Power holders are entitled to their privileges, and managers and employees see one another as fundamentally different kinds of people. India is a country with a high power distance, as are Venezuela and Mexico.

Time Orientation

Time Orientation Cultures also differ in time orientation, that is, whether the culture's values are oriented toward the future (long-term orientation) or toward the past and present (short-term orientation). In China, a culture with a long-term orientation, values such as thrift and persistence, which focus on the future, are emphasized. In Russia, the orientation is short-term. Values such as respect for tradition (past) and meeting social obligations (present) are emphasized.

High uncertainty

Uncertainty Avoidance Some cultures are quite comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty, whereas others do not tolerate these conditions well. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance are concerned with security and tend to avoid conflict. People have a need for consensus. The inherent uncertainty in life is a threat against which people in such cultures constantly struggle

________ encompasses all forms of difference among individuals, including culture, gender, age, ability, religion, personality, social status, and sexual orientation. a. Diversity b. Power distance c. Guanxi d. Ethnicity

a. Diversity

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with telecommuting? a. Lack of opportunities to socialize b. Decreased productivity c. Increased costs in term of office space d. Lack of flexibility

a. Lack of opportunities to socialize

Which of the following is not considered one of the differences among individuals that encompass diversity? a. Age b. Social status c. Place of employment d. Gender

c. Place of employment

Which of the following is not a way that organizations can shatter the glass ceiling? a. Make sure that hiring and promotion practices are led by an independent party b. Put in place systems to identify women with high potential for advancement c. Incorporate practices into diversity management programs to ensure that women perceive the organization as attractive d. Demonstrate support for the advancement of women

a. Make sure that hiring and promotion practices are led by an independent party

Inter-generational conflicts often occur in organizations because younger workers view older workers as less creative and less capable. a. True b. False

a. True

Managers need to be up to date on their knowledge of cultural trends because cultural differences are constantly changing. a. True b. False

a. True

One of the disadvantages of telecommuting is that workers lose the opportunity to socialize with coworkers. a. True b. False

a. True

The United States leads the way in developing new technologies, but it lags behind other countries in using these technologies productively. a. True b. False

a. True

Whistle-blowers are employees who report ethical or legal violations committed in the organization. a. True b. False

a. True

Which of the following statements is true of Americans with Disabilities Act? a. Under this law, employers are required to make reasonable accommodations to permit workers with disabilities to perform jobs. b. The act defines a person with a disability as "anyone possessing a physical impairment that somewhat limits one or more minor life activities." c. The law requires employees not to treat HIV-infected workers as disabled individuals. d. The act's protection encompasses a broad range of illnesses that produce disabilities, excluding acquired immune deficiency syndrome

a. Under this law, employers are required to make reasonable accommodations to permit workers with disabilities to perform jobs.

In cultures with high ________, employees are more likely to focus on personal success than group achievement. a. individualism b. uncertainty avoidance c. power distance d. collectivism

a. individualism

Cultures that value assertiveness and materialism have a high degree of ________. a. masculinity b. persistence c. femininity d. strength

a. masculinity

The cultural gap between different generations is an example of a ________. a. microcultural difference b. collective statistic c. population study d. demographic

a. microcultural difference

Which of the following statements is accurate concerning cultures with high uncertainty avoidance? a. They have a need for consensus. b. All of these statements are correct. c. They are concerned with security. d. They tend to avoid conflict.

b. All of these statements are correct.

Which of the following is not one of the major challenges managers must overcome in order to remain competitive, according to CEOs of U.S. corporations? a. Globalizing the firm's operations to compete in the global village b. Decreasing technological innovation in the workplace c. Encouraging positive ethics, character, and personal integrity d. Leading a diverse workforce

b. Decreasing technological innovation in the workplace

Managers who work in a country other than their home country are known as international executives. a. True b. False

b. False

"Guanxi" refers to a. asking for help between countries. b. building networks for social exchange. c. networks for globalization. d. crossing borders.

b. building networks for social exchange.

Character theory of ethics emphasizes the: a. character of an act itself. b. intent of an individual. c. results of a behavior. d. results of a behavio

b. intent of an individual.

One of the main benefits of diversity management is that: a. it easily attracts a culturally diverse workforce to participate in a company's change efforts. b. it helps firms attract and retain the best available human talent. c. it effectively erases all communication barriers. d. it effectively erases all communication barriers.

b. it helps firms attract and retain the best available human talent.

The ethical questions in ________ examine the process by which an organization distributes its resources. a. distributive justice b. procedural justice c. rule-based justice d. rule-based justice

b. procedural justice

In which year did the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) take effect? a. 2000 b. 1984 c. 1994 d. 1989

c. 1994

________ training is a popular method for helping employees recognize and appreciate cultural differences. a. Global sensitivity b. Behavioral c. Cultural sensitivity d. Human relations

c. Cultural sensitivity

In a collective society, a. people are responsible for taking care of their own interests. b. your primary concern is for yourself and for your family. c. group decisions are valued and accepted. d. people belong to loose social frameworks

c. group decisions are valued and accepted.

Time orientation refers to: a. the degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty in times of social and political upheavals. b. the degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power over a period of time. c. whether a culture's values are oriented toward the future or toward the past and present. d. the duration for which a cultural orientation is either characterized by masculinity or femininity.

c. whether a culture's values are oriented toward the future or toward the past and present.

What main benefit can an organization reap from diversity? a. enhanced marketing efforts b. attracting and retaining the best available human talent c. better problem solving d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is a benefit associated with diversity in the workplace? a. It leads to effective communication. b. It enhances group cohesiveness. c. It facilitates decision making. d. It improves marketing efforts

d. It improves marketing efforts

Which of the following statements is true of the character theories of ethics? a. They are based on Immanuel Kant's "categorical imperative," a universal standard of behavior. b. They emphasize the character of the act itself and its consequences. c. They focus on an individual's outward attitude and demeanor. d. They offer an alternative to understanding behavior in terms of self-interest or rules.

d. They offer an alternative to understanding behavior in terms of self-interest or rules

A(n) ________ is a computer-based application that uses a representation of human expertise in a specialized field of knowledge to solve problems. a. robot b. android c. simulated reality system d. expert system

d. expert system

The glass ceiling is a transparent barrier that a. keeps from rising above a certain level in organizations. b. keeps the economically disadvantaged from rising above a certain level. c. keeps the elderly from rising above a certain level in organizations. d. keeps women from rising above a certain level in organizations.

d. keeps women from rising above a certain level in organizations.