Chapter 2 Comm
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
AOL biggest in the US, company that provides internet access to homes and businesses for a fee
important trends in the internet
Apple makes five times as much money selling iPhones, iPads, iPods, and accessories than computers, number of Facebook users keeps increasing: now inhibit a "walled garden"
iPad
Apple's fastest-growing product line, introduced in 2010
Feb 26, 2015
FCC approved strong open Internet rules under Title II of Communications Act, multiple ISPs and trade groups have filed lawsuits challenging FCCs decision: battle continues
what is the most popular social networking site?
Facebook - originally only accessible to college students but branched out
1992
Mark Andreesen launches Netscape Mosaic, first commercial browser, which opens up Web to everyone
top 5 digital media companies
Microsoft, Google, Apple, Amazon, Facebook
walled garden
a closed internet
1974
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn introduce transmission protocol and introduce word "internet," brings National Science Foundation network (NSFnet) online during 1980s (links university computer centers)
portal
all-purpose entry point to the Internet
data mining
an analytic process designed to explore data (usually large amounts of data) in search of consistent patterns and/or systematic relationships between variables
broadband
data transmission over fiber-optic cable, signaling method that handles wide range of frequencies
internet of services: "Web 2.0"
e-productivity, e-commerce
internet of content: "WWW"
email, info, entertainment
Intranet (Web 2.5)
employees can go on site and can see company documents, communicate with each other, can create posts they want people to answer - small internet for company itself
wiki web sites
enable anyone to edit and contribute to them
content communities
exist for sharing of all types of content: text, photos, videos, YouTube most well known of these
opt-in policies
favored by consumer and privacy advocates, require websites to obtain explicit permission from consumers before sites can collect browsing history data
opt-out policies
favored by data-mining corporations, allow for automatic collection of browsing history data unless consumer requests to "opt out" of practice
Blackberry
first popular internet-capable smart phone, introduced in 2002,
pre-internet: "human to human"
fixed and mobile telephony, SMS
phishing
form of identity theft, involves phony emails that appear to be from official websites asking customers to update credit card numbers, passwords, etc.
digital divide
growing contrast between the "information haves" and information "have nots"
HTML
hypertext markup language, language that all computers can read
net neutrality
idea that everyone should have equal access to Internet, ISPs wants to create "tiers" of the Internet where some would have to pay more than others - creating fast lanes and slow lanes of the Internet
internet of things: "machine to machine"
identification, tracking, monitoring
digital communication
image, text, or sound is converted into electronic signals represented as a series of binary numbers
cookies
information profiles that are automatically collected and transferred between computer servers whenever users access websites
spyware
information-gathering software that is secretly bundled with free downloaded software, can be used to send pop-up ads, to enable unauthorized parties, plant click-fraud program
World Wide Web (Web)
initially a text data linking system that allowed computer-accessed info to other info no matter where it was online, way we access info on Internet via http protocol; built on top of the Internet
invented in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, electronic messages that could be sent to any computer on ARPAnet, one of the earliest services of the internet
virtual game and virtual social worlds
invite users to role-play in rich 3D environments with players throughout the world
advancements in media
merging of one media onto one device, blurs distinctions of what used to be separate media, experience media in more than one manner
microprocessors
miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals
social networking sites
most visible example of social media, FB most popular of this media, Google+ introduced in 2011 to compete with FB
ARPAnet
nicknamed the Net, enabled military and academic researches to communicate on a distributed network system, users could log in from different places
Internet
originated as a military-government project, with computer time-sharing as main, flexible and decentralized, not owned by anyone, networking infrastructure that connects millions of computer networks globally; includes email, IM, file transfers, gaming consoles, mobile phones, etc
Telecommunications Act of 1996
overhauled the nation's communications regulations
open-source software
programmers openly shared program source codes and ideas to upgrade and improve programs
personal computers (PCs)
promoted linking university research computer centers around country, encouraged private investment on the net
internet of people: "Social Media"
skype, facebook, youtube
browsers
software packages that help users navigate the Web, Chrome and Firefox biggest browsers, tool through which we get on Web
fiber-optic cable
standard for transmitting communication data speedily in mid-1980s
information haves
those who can afford to purchase computers and pay for Internet
The Future: The Internet of Things
- "a future where everyday physical objects will be connected to the Internet and be able to identify themselves to other devices": homes, cars, cities - artificial intelligence and the semantic web, organize around things with more meaning, like family, friends, location, mutual interest (Siri an example) - wearable technology - MtoM technology: machine to machine (driverless cars two machines driving down the road together who must talk to each other so there is not a collision)
Late 2000s: Web 2.5 Aggregate and Collaborate
- content distribution channels emerge: no longer "if you build it, they will come", push information out to people - platform as service - cloud computing - iCloud: everything in the ether, all is accessible on this platform/server - smart phones propel media convergence - enterprise software tools to create and share within an organization - "big data" and measurement made possibly by tracking your online habits - security becomes a growing concern - TV begins to move to the Internet/Web - Intranet
Early 2000s: Web 2.0 Create Content and Socialize
- user-generated content emerged - media convergence (interactive and visual) - online video booms - blogs/vlogs/podcasts emerge - everything that needs to be on the web is now on the web - facilitates many to many communication - near real-time communication - began to create the "remix" culture - content is king - with so much content, Google not helpful in finding best or most appropriate content
1995/late 90s: Web 1.0 Information and Commerce
- word "internet" entered lexicon - static pages and centralized contact - repository for data, and it was mostly read-only - web portals, file sharing and search engines emerged - e-business or e-tailing (retail online) became popular - still in "broadcast mode": one to many communication - dot come bubble: boom and bust
noteworthy trends
1. apple makes more than 5 times as much money selling iPhones, iPads, iPods, and accessories than it does selling computers 2. Facebook users keep increasing
six categories of social media
1. blogs 2. collaborative projects 3. content communities 4. social networking sites 5. visual game worlds 6. virtual social worlds
1969
Defense Department launches Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet)
1991
Tim Berners Lee establishes html, a computer language that allows the layering of information (hyperlinks) and uses http protocol: called it the World Wide Web
fiber-optic cable
became standard fro transmitting communication data speedily
blogs
before FB statuses these enabled people to easily post ideas to a web site
search engines
built on mathematic algorithms, ranks a page's "popularity" based on how many other pages are linked to it
how are search engines built?
built on mathematic algorithms, ranks page's "popularity" on basis of how many other pages linked to it
e-commerce
buying and selling of products and services on the Internet
social media
can be used to provide evidence of gov's killing of civilians, can be used for news, social purposes, etc., flexible and decentralized
information have-nots
can't afford to purchase computers and pay for Internet
world wide web
changed internet from serving just for email and file transfer purposes, initially a text-data linking system that allowed computer-accessed info to link to other info no matter where it was on the Internet
what are the top browsers today?
chrome and firefox
semantic web
creating more meaningful and more organized web, extension of current web, places basic info into meaningful categories