Chapter 2: Encounter and Conquest
What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities?
Africa
Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century?
Africa kingdoms
By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern __________ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil
Atlantic Ocean
The __________ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.
Black Death
What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century?
China
The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the eastern and western hemispheres is the ________ __________
Columbian Exchange
Juan Ponce de Leon landed in what is now the state of _________ on the North American continent
Florida
The nation where some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place was _________, where the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.
France
Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquisto, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of ____________ in 1492.
Granada
In 1519 the Spanish conquistador ________ ________ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico.
Hernan Cortes
The Protestant Reformation resulted in much of Germany and Scandinavia becoming _________
Lutheran
Unlike the benevolent and merciful God of the reformer ____________, the God of the theologian John Calvin was omnipotent and controlling
Martin Luther
Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?
Most of Europe's people made their living from the land, Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease
By the sixteenth century, England had adopted the ________ Christian faith.
Protestant
Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate?
Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms
Why didn't Portugal colonize West Africa before the nineteenth century?
There were too many people living there to easily conquer, West African powers were well organized and protected their land, Malaria killed a large number of Portuguese settlers
Which best describes rival European powers' response to Spanish successes in the Americas?
They took little action during most of the sixteenth century
Which of the following characteristics did the Aztec and SPanish civilizations share?
a largely rural and agricultural population
One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was ________.
advanced metal weaponry
Juan Ponce de Leon's first expedition onto the mainland was met by ________ among the native inhabitants.
armed resistance
How did James I view the king of Spain? (without the S)
as an enviable example of a successful monarch
The Spanish empire in the Americas was governed primarily by ____________
bureaucrats
Martin Luther's doctrine of "the priesthood of all believers" was radical because it _________
challenged the authority of the church
by 1800, Spanish immigration to the Americas _______
continued to be very small
One of the consequences of Hernan de Soto's venture into North AMerica was the _______
decentralization of native chiefdoms
Portugal could not colonize the African continent because Africa's kingdoms were high organized and its ______.
diseases ravaged settlers
James I's goal as monarch was to _________
establish an efficient bureaucracy in orderly colonies
One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs at the time was that __________
everyone should read and interpret the Bible for himself or herself
Bartolome de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicated the empire for its _______.
exploitation of natives
The 1578 charter granted to Humphrey Gilbert gave him permission to explore America but __________
failed to recognize native claims to the land
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado's strangling of his Native American guide was representative of the ___________
growing cruelty toward native peoples that characterized the frustrated conquistadors
Unlike the first Roanoke expedition, the second one _________
included more settlers and better incentives to undertake the journey
During the thirteenth century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of __________, which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.
indulgences
Which of the following does not represent a cultural advantage the Spanish had over the Aztecs?
knowledge of diseases
The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of _______
monarchical resistance against the reign of the pope
As compared to the medieval popes, fifteenth-century popes were ___________
more powerful
After creating the Church of England, King Henry VIII made the shrewd political decision to ____________
name himself the head of the church
Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the Americas?
opportunities to develop trade relationships with native peoples
After Columbus's contact with the Americas, Europeans brought ____________ back to Europe, which broke out in more virulent form than ever before.
syphilis
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado's expedition to what is now the southwestern United States, undertaken for the purpose of locating vast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of _________.
the Grand Canyon
Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?
the Middle Ages
Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened _______
the food supply
In addition to exploring Peru, Hernan de Soto led an expedition through what is now _________
the southeastern United States
The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that ________
their civilization and Protestant religion were superior
When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?
to continue the reconquista
The artist ________ _________, who was appointed governor of the second Roanoke colony, hoped his leadership would allow European settlers and Native Americans to coexist peacefully.
John White
Which best summarizes the Calvinist belief in predestination?
God has already chosen, or predestined, certain people for salvation
