Chapter 2: Encounter and Conquest

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities?

Africa

Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century?

Africa kingdoms

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern __________ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil

Atlantic Ocean

The __________ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century?

China

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the eastern and western hemispheres is the ________ __________

Columbian Exchange

Juan Ponce de Leon landed in what is now the state of _________ on the North American continent

Florida

The nation where some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place was _________, where the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

France

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquisto, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of ____________ in 1492.

Granada

In 1519 the Spanish conquistador ________ ________ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico.

Hernan Cortes

The Protestant Reformation resulted in much of Germany and Scandinavia becoming _________

Lutheran

Unlike the benevolent and merciful God of the reformer ____________, the God of the theologian John Calvin was omnipotent and controlling

Martin Luther

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land, Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease

By the sixteenth century, England had adopted the ________ Christian faith.

Protestant

Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate?

Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms

Why didn't Portugal colonize West Africa before the nineteenth century?

There were too many people living there to easily conquer, West African powers were well organized and protected their land, Malaria killed a large number of Portuguese settlers

Which best describes rival European powers' response to Spanish successes in the Americas?

They took little action during most of the sixteenth century

Which of the following characteristics did the Aztec and SPanish civilizations share?

a largely rural and agricultural population

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was ________.

advanced metal weaponry

Juan Ponce de Leon's first expedition onto the mainland was met by ________ among the native inhabitants.

armed resistance

How did James I view the king of Spain? (without the S)

as an enviable example of a successful monarch

The Spanish empire in the Americas was governed primarily by ____________

bureaucrats

Martin Luther's doctrine of "the priesthood of all believers" was radical because it _________

challenged the authority of the church

by 1800, Spanish immigration to the Americas _______

continued to be very small

One of the consequences of Hernan de Soto's venture into North AMerica was the _______

decentralization of native chiefdoms

Portugal could not colonize the African continent because Africa's kingdoms were high organized and its ______.

diseases ravaged settlers

James I's goal as monarch was to _________

establish an efficient bureaucracy in orderly colonies

One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs at the time was that __________

everyone should read and interpret the Bible for himself or herself

Bartolome de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicated the empire for its _______.

exploitation of natives

The 1578 charter granted to Humphrey Gilbert gave him permission to explore America but __________

failed to recognize native claims to the land

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado's strangling of his Native American guide was representative of the ___________

growing cruelty toward native peoples that characterized the frustrated conquistadors

Unlike the first Roanoke expedition, the second one _________

included more settlers and better incentives to undertake the journey

During the thirteenth century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of __________, which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.

indulgences

Which of the following does not represent a cultural advantage the Spanish had over the Aztecs?

knowledge of diseases

The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of _______

monarchical resistance against the reign of the pope

As compared to the medieval popes, fifteenth-century popes were ___________

more powerful

After creating the Church of England, King Henry VIII made the shrewd political decision to ____________

name himself the head of the church

Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the Americas?

opportunities to develop trade relationships with native peoples

After Columbus's contact with the Americas, Europeans brought ____________ back to Europe, which broke out in more virulent form than ever before.

syphilis

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado's expedition to what is now the southwestern United States, undertaken for the purpose of locating vast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of _________.

the Grand Canyon

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?

the Middle Ages

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened _______

the food supply

In addition to exploring Peru, Hernan de Soto led an expedition through what is now _________

the southeastern United States

The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that ________

their civilization and Protestant religion were superior

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?

to continue the reconquista

The artist ________ _________, who was appointed governor of the second Roanoke colony, hoped his leadership would allow European settlers and Native Americans to coexist peacefully.

John White

Which best summarizes the Calvinist belief in predestination?

God has already chosen, or predestined, certain people for salvation