Chapter 2 Psychological Research

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.53

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients in order to gain in depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would be best described as________.

Case studies

_____ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

______ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

_______ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ______.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _____________.

There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Simplicity of conducting a study is to _____ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to _____.

archival research; surveys

_______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The scientific process is _____ involving inductive and deductive reasoning

circular

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Which of the following research signs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to participants

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent, dependent

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks a group of participants over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

longitudinal

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A negative correlation means ____.

one variable decreases as the other increases.

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _______ and _____.

random sampling; random group assignment

The ability of a research or pscyhological isntrument to consistently produyce a given result is called ______.

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) _______ that is currently affecting research psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

_______ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ______, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to a chive the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

A(n) ____ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _____.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

Theory

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marriage iguana for medical purposes changes with age, four groups of participants , ages 20, 30, 40, and 50 are asked whether they support the issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence results, not age.

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

Type of play; no play

Dr. Gutteierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, a Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gathered. This research study suffers from an absence of _________.

falsifiability

The belief strange behavior is linked the the occurrence of a full moon is and example of a(n) ________.

illusionary correlation

A(n) _______ is conducted in order to determine whether theater are meaningful differences between two age groups in a study

statistical analysis

An _____ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

_______ is-are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys