Chapter 2 review
What percentage of Earth's water is stored in ice and snow?
1.9%
What percent of the sunlight is reflected and/or absorbed?
10%
According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, the biomass stored in plants cannot all be used to feed other organisms. What percentage of the energy stored as biomass in plants is transferred, on average, to the next trophic level of the food chain? _______% Explain why.
10%, energy starts to disappear due to heat, and energy is used by the animals
diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level.
Ecological pyramids
The water that comes out of your faucet at home used to be in the ocean. How did water get from the ocean to your water faucet?
Ocean water is sucked up into clouds, once clouds get heavy it rains and pours water into spots like fresh water rivers. our cities near water sources and filter it to use it.
Glacier (river of ice) --> River
melting
matter
anything that takes up space and can be weighed
total mass of living matter at each trophic level.
biomass
eats animals
carnivore
nutrient
chemical substances found in every living thing on Earth.
What percentage of the sunlight is converted into chemical energy via photosynthesis?
less than 1 percent
What percentage of Earth's water can be found in soil?
.005%
What percentage of Earth's water is found in lakes?
.009%
What percentage of Earth's fresh water is stored in ice and snow?
68.7%
What percentage of Earth's water is found in the oceans?
97.25%
Cycle 1
Agriculture, atmosphere, clouds, precipitation(rain), agriculture
Why are the colors different on the planet at various times of the year? Give a specific example.
As the months/days get colder the carbon absorption decrease changing the colors from live green or blue to a black or dark green/blue
organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to make food
Autotrophs
What organisms break down chemical wastes in a treatment plant?
Bacteria in man made ponds
Water covers over two-thirds of Earth's surface. Yet water shortages are a major problem for many people around the world. Why do you think this is the case?
Because salt water is what makes up most of earth's water and we cannot drink salt water. We can only drink fresh water and that just makes up 3% of earth's water.
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
In what ways can runoff be a problem?
Causes flooding, erosion and carries contaminants to other water sources.
Condensation
Change from a gas to a liquid
Evaporation
Change from a liquid to a gas
Freezing
Change from a liquid to a solid
Melting
Change from a solid to a liquid
eats fragments of dead matter
Detritovore
The open ocean does not contain as much life per unit area but is responsible for a large amount of the Earth's NPP. Why?
Even when the air temperatures rise sufficiently to allow photosynthesis, the soil nutrients may be locked up permanently in frozen soil. Deserts are areas of low available water. The biomass in the oceans is low. The dry weight is the primary product we think of when we talk about productivity in the oceans.
a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.
Food chains
Where is the GPP the highest? The lowest? Why?
GPP is in its highest in the state of Mississippi and its lowest in the state of the west side is the lowest due the lack of rivers
What is the word equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose+ Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP
eats only plants
Herbivore
an organism that gets its energy by consuming other organisms
Heterotrophs
What human activity uses the most water in the United States?
Industry
Cycle 2:
Industry, runoff, rivers, reservoir, industry.
What is transpiration?
Plants absorb water through soil then releases it into the atmosphere through their leaves
Cloud --> Glacier
Precipitation and freezing
Write the definition for the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
State of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time
What is a reservoir?
Storage for water for household, industrial and agriculture use
Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms. Carbon and oxygen enter a long-term cycle when dead material is buried.
The Carbon and Oxygen cycles
Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life.
The Carbon and Oxygen cycles
Nitrogen is fixed by bacteria, or by electrical storms. Nitrogen returns to the atmosphere through denitrification - where bacteria convert fixed nitrogen back into nitrogen gas.
The Nitrogen Cycle
The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus cycles quickly as phosphates through sediments, plants, and consumers. Long-term, phosphorus is weathered or eroded from rocks and added to the cycle.
The Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorus is essential for the growth and development of organisms.
The Phosphorus Cycle
Water evaporates from bodies of water, soil, and organisms.
The Water Cycle
What is the relationship between net primary productivity and gross productivity? Write the equation.
The overall productivity of a system can be found in an equation where the Net Primary Production (NPP), is equal to the Gross Primary Production, or GPP, minus the Respiration, or R. The formula is the NPP = GPP - R. The NPP is the overall efficiency of the plants in the ecosystem
How does the Sun cause water to move from the oceans to the atmosphere?
The sun evaporates the water into the clouds.
Why do you think tropical rain forests and marshes have high NPP? Why should these areas be protected?
There is a lot of water for photosynthesis production
Look at the chart of net primary productivity. Green are biomes, blue are aquatic life zones. List the 2 areas that produce the greatest percentage of the Earth's NPP and the 2 areas that produce the least
There is a lot of water for photosynthesis production. Tropical rain forests and marshes help sustain life
With the amount of sunlight it receives, why is the NPP of a desert so low?
There is not enough water for photosynthesis.
What is meant by the term 'gross primary productivity"?
Total biomass (energy) produced by producer level over time.
What is an aquifer?
Underground layer of porous rocks/sand that contains water
How do clouds form?
When the evaporated water cools it turns into tiny droplets making clouds.
cycle
a recurrent series of events or processes in plants and animals
What human activity uses the most water worldwide?
agriculture
Atmosphere --> Clouds
condensation
break down organic material
decomposers
What causes it to rain?
droplets grow large enough they drop and start to rain.
Ocean--> Atmosphere
evaporation
Ocean --> Cloud
evaporation and condensation
model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.
food webs
Cloud --> Snow
freezing
What is the relationship between the cold current upwelling and the primary productivity?
high biological productivity. nutrient-rich waters from the deeper ocean. These interactions can make the ocean come alive with color.
eats both plants and animals
omnivore
Cloud --> Soil
precipitation
biogeochemical cycle
the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.
Denitrification
the process by which nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas by soil microbes when oxygen is not present
nitrogen fixation
the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes
groundwater
water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface