Chapter 2 review

What percentage of Earth's water is stored in ice and snow?

1.9%

What percent of the sunlight is reflected and/or absorbed?

10%

According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, the biomass stored in plants cannot all be used to feed other organisms. What percentage of the energy stored as biomass in plants is transferred, on average, to the next trophic level of the food chain? _______% Explain why.

10%, energy starts to disappear due to heat, and energy is used by the animals

diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level.

Ecological pyramids​

The water that comes out of your faucet at home used to be in the ocean. How did water get from the ocean to your water faucet?

Ocean water is sucked up into clouds, once clouds get heavy it rains and pours water into spots like fresh water rivers. our cities near water sources and filter it to use it.

Glacier (river of ice) --> River

melting

matter

anything that takes up space and can be weighed

total mass of living matter at each trophic level.

biomass

eats animals

carnivore

nutrient

chemical substances found in every living thing on Earth.

What percentage of the sunlight is converted into chemical energy via photosynthesis?

less than 1 percent

What percentage of Earth's water can be found in soil?

.005%

What percentage of Earth's water is found in lakes?

.009%

What percentage of Earth's fresh water is stored in ice and snow?

68.7%

What percentage of Earth's water is found in the oceans?

97.25%

Cycle 1

Agriculture, atmosphere, clouds, precipitation(rain), agriculture

Why are the colors different on the planet at various times of the year? Give a specific example.

As the months/days get colder the carbon absorption decrease changing the colors from live green or blue to a black or dark green/blue

organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to make food

Autotrophs

What organisms break down chemical wastes in a treatment plant?

Bacteria in man made ponds

Water covers over two-thirds of Earth's surface. Yet water shortages are a major problem for many people around the world. Why do you think this is the case?

Because salt water is what makes up most of earth's water and we cannot drink salt water. We can only drink fresh water and that just makes up 3% of earth's water.

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

In what ways can runoff be a problem?

Causes flooding, erosion and carries contaminants to other water sources.

Condensation

Change from a gas to a liquid

Evaporation

Change from a liquid to a gas

Freezing

Change from a liquid to a solid

Melting

Change from a solid to a liquid

eats fragments of dead matter

Detritovore

The open ocean does not contain as much life per unit area but is responsible for a large amount of the Earth's NPP. Why?

Even when the air temperatures rise sufficiently to allow photosynthesis, the soil nutrients may be locked up permanently in frozen soil. Deserts are areas of low available water. The biomass in the oceans is low. The dry weight is the primary product we think of when we talk about productivity in the oceans.

a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Food chains​

Where is the GPP the highest? The lowest? Why?

GPP is in its highest in the state of Mississippi and its lowest in the state of the west side is the lowest due the lack of rivers

What is the word equation for cellular respiration?

Glucose+ Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP

eats only plants

Herbivore

an organism that gets its energy by consuming other organisms

Heterotrophs

What human activity uses the most water in the United States?

Industry

Cycle 2:

Industry, runoff, rivers, reservoir, industry.

What is transpiration?

Plants absorb water through soil then releases it into the atmosphere through their leaves

Cloud --> Glacier

Precipitation and freezing

Write the definition for the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

State of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time

What is a reservoir?

Storage for water for household, industrial and agriculture use

Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.​ Carbon and oxygen enter a long-term cycle when dead material is buried.​​

The Carbon and Oxygen cycles​​

​Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life.​​

The Carbon and Oxygen cycles​​

Nitrogen is fixed by bacteria, or by electrical storms.​ Nitrogen returns to the atmosphere through denitrification - where bacteria convert fixed nitrogen back into nitrogen gas.​

The Nitrogen Cycle​

​The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation. ​​

The Nitrogen Cycle​​

Phosphorus cycles quickly as phosphates through sediments, plants, and consumers.​ Long-term, phosphorus is weathered or eroded from rocks and added to the cycle.​

The Phosphorous Cycle​

​Phosphorus is essential for the growth and development of organisms.​​

The Phosphorus Cycle​​

Water evaporates from bodies of water, soil, and organisms.​​

The Water Cycle​

What is the relationship between net primary productivity and gross productivity? Write the equation.

The overall productivity of a system can be found in an equation where the Net Primary Production (NPP), is equal to the Gross Primary Production, or GPP, minus the Respiration, or R. The formula is the NPP = GPP - R. The NPP is the overall efficiency of the plants in the ecosystem

How does the Sun cause water to move from the oceans to the atmosphere?

The sun evaporates the water into the clouds.

Why do you think tropical rain forests and marshes have high NPP? Why should these areas be protected?

There is a lot of water for photosynthesis production

Look at the chart of net primary productivity. Green are biomes, blue are aquatic life zones. List the 2 areas that produce the greatest percentage of the Earth's NPP and the 2 areas that produce the least

There is a lot of water for photosynthesis production. Tropical rain forests and marshes help sustain life

With the amount of sunlight it receives, why is the NPP of a desert so low?

There is not enough water for photosynthesis.

What is meant by the term 'gross primary productivity"?

Total biomass (energy) produced by producer level over time.

What is an aquifer?

Underground layer of porous rocks/sand that contains water

How do clouds form?

When the evaporated water cools it turns into tiny droplets making clouds.

cycle

a recurrent series of events or processes in plants and animals

What human activity uses the most water worldwide?

agriculture

Atmosphere --> Clouds

condensation

break down organic material

decomposers

What causes it to rain?

droplets grow large enough they drop and start to rain.

Ocean--> Atmosphere

evaporation

Ocean --> Cloud

evaporation and condensation

model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.

food webs

Cloud --> Snow

freezing

What is the relationship between the cold current upwelling and the primary productivity?

high biological productivity. nutrient-rich waters from the deeper ocean. These interactions can make the ocean come alive with color.

eats both plants and animals

omnivore

Cloud --> Soil

precipitation

biogeochemical cycle​

the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.

Denitrification

the process by which nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas by soil microbes when oxygen is not present

nitrogen fixation​

the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes

groundwater

water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface