Chapter 2 Test - Positive Choices/Positive Changes

Key factors that affect motivation include locus of control and self-efficacy. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

Reinforcing factors are those things that encourage or discourage your change in behavior. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

The transtheoretical model includes a stage called termination. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

The transtheoretical model is also called the "stages of change" model. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

Janette is working on a new exercise regimen. Her motivation for exercising largely depends on whether her friend exercises with her. Janette can be said to have a. an external locus of control. b. an internal locus of control. c. positive self-efficacy. d. decisional balance.

a. an external locus of control.

Jessica is using a technique for behavior change that focuses on increasing knowledge about her unhealthy habit. She is asking herself what things she does that are unhealthy. This is an example of a. consciousness raising. b. emotional arousal (dramatic relief). c. self-reevaluation. d. commitment (self-liberation).

a. consciousness raising.

Reinforcing factors are factors that a. encourage or discourage new behaviors. b. an individual brings to the table. c. do not affect an individual's ability to change. d. are internal.

a. encourage or discourage new behaviors.

Self-efficacy helps you a. have confidence in your ability. b. need less motivation. c. avoid making changes. d. accept the way things are.

a. have confidence in your ability.

Which of the following factors that influence wellness can NOT be controlled? a. heredity/genetic make-up b. knowledge c. attitude d. skills

a. heredity/genetic make-up

A good way to boost self-efficacy is to a. monitor behavior with a journal or log. b. have friends and family to tell you what you should do. c. focus on making long-term goals. d. spend more time relaxing.

a. monitor behavior with a journal or log.

Watching the actions and outcomes of others is called a. observational learning. b. past performance. c. past experience. d. verbal persuasion.

a. observational learning.

The transtheoretical model is also referred to as a. the "stages of change" model. b. the "scenes of change" model. c. the "steps to behavior change" model. d. the "signs of change" model.

a. the "stages of change" model.

The purpose of time management in behavior change is a. to plan and prioritize so that your time is spent wisely. b. to fit more time into your schedule. c. to get rid of unimportant matters. d. to avoid having to maintain a schedule.

a. to plan and prioritize so that your time is spent wisely.

Enabling factors include your culture, beliefs, values, age, and attitudes. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. FALSE

Motivation only arises from external factors. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. FALSE

Predisposing factors include your knowledge, skills, and abilities. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. FALSE

Self-defeating behaviors tend to lead to the accomplishment of both short-term and long-term goals. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. FALSE

Jennifer smokes every morning before breakfast. This is an example of a. a dimension of wellness. b. a habit. c. a morning routine. d. a value.

b. a habit.

Which of the following factors that influence wellness can an individual control? a. heredity/genetic make-up b. beliefs and values c. age d. gender

b. beliefs and values

The preparation stage of behavior change in the transtheoretical model is the a. first stage of the model. b. stage that precedes action. c. final stage of the model. d. stage that precedes contemplation.

b. stage that precedes action.

Which characteristic of SMART goals involves setting a start date and a completion date? a. realistic b. time-bound c. measurable d. achievable

b. time-bound

Motivation for behavior change is a. a trait ruled by internal factors. b. a permanent trait of an individual. c. an energized state. d. a static emotional state.

c. an energized state

Self-efficacy typically develops from all the following factors EXCEPT a. past experience. b. past performance. c. anticipation of failure. d. observational learning.

c. anticipation of failure.

Enabling factors are factors that a. encourage or discourage behaviors. b. an individual brings to the table. c. enhance an individual's ability to change. d. are internal.

c. enhance an individual's ability to change.

Which characteristic of SMART goals involves self-monitoring and tracking? a. realistic b. time-bound c. measurable d. achievable

c. measurable

According to the transtheoretical model, which stage is a person in who has no intention of changing a behavior within the next six months? a. the action stage b. the maintenance stage c. the precontemplation stage d. the contemplation stage

c. the precontemplation stage

Rewards for behavior change should a. not be given to yourself. b. create a barrier to overcome. c. be expensive. d. be realistic.

d. be realistic.

Increasing rewards for desired behavior change is an example of a. consciousness raising. b. emotional arousal (dramatic relief). c. reinforcement management. d. commitment (self-liberation).

reinforcement management.

A behavior that recurs and develops into a pattern is called a habit. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

Age can play a role in the knowledge, skills, and abilities that affect your behavior. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

Creating a "pro-versus-con" analysis is a step in behavior change. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a. TRUE

Gender is a controllable factor that influences behavior and health habits. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. FALSE

In the maintenance stage of behavior change, external rewards remain as important as in earlier stages. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. FALSE

Predisposing factors are factors that a. encourage or discourage behaviors. b. an individual brings to the table. c. do not affect an individual's ability to change. d. are internal.

b. an individual brings to the table.

Which of the following is the MOST powerful factor influencing self-efficacy expectations? a. observational learning b. direct experience c. persuasion d. internal cues

b. direct experience

John has a family history of diabetes. He believes he can prevent the disease through exercise, diet, body weight control, and other preventive health behaviors. John's behavior can be explained by his a. external locus of control. b. internal locus of control. c. positive self-efficacy. d. decisional balance.

b. internal locus of control.

The stage in the transtheoretical model that corresponds to having been successful at changing a behavior for more than six months is called the a. action stage. b. maintenance stage. c. precontemplation stage. d. contemplation stage.

b. maintenance stage.

The final stage of the transtheoretical model for most behaviors is a. termination. b. maintenance. c. relapse. d. preparation.

b. maintenance.

Which of the following is the LEAST powerful influence on self-efficacy? a. direct experience b. persuasion c. vicarious experience d. past performance

b. persuasion

In terms of setting goals, the acronym SMART stands for a. strategic, measuring, actionable, reality-based, time-conscious. b. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound. c. standard, measurable, action-based, realistic, time-bound. d. specific, motivating, achievable, realistic, timely.

b. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound.

Things to consider when developing strategies for overcoming obstacles in behavior change include all the following EXCEPT a. increasing or continuing those things that help your goal. b. removing cues and triggers that prompt unhealthy behavior. c. adding new cues and triggers that prompt healthy behavior. d. avoiding making plans that anticipate difficulties.

d. avoiding making plans that anticipate difficulties.

Brian has decided to develop a plan for behavior change. He has signed a contract and informed his friends of his plans. This technique for change is an example of a. consciousness raising. b. emotional arousal (dramatic relief). c. self-reevaluation. d. commitment (self-liberation).

d. commitment (self-liberation).

The stage in the transtheoretical model that corresponds to having an intention to change a behavior within the next six months is called the a. action stage. b. maintenance stage. c. precontemplation stage. d. contemplation stage.

d. contemplation stage.

Over which of the following factors do you have the MOST control? a. persuasion b. vicarious experience c. past performance d. direct experience

d. direct experience

Setting realistic goals for behavior change means having a. several alternative goals. b. simple goals. c. open-ended long-term goals. d. doable, challenging goals.

d. doable, challenging goals.