Psy 201- Intelligence and Creativity
reliable intelligence testing
Began in earnest during early 1900s with a researcher named Alfred Binet; asked to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school; it included many verbally based tasks
bell curve
Bell-shaped curve; typically results from graphing frequency versus distribution for a trait that varies continuously.
Any IQ that falls within one standard deviation above and below the mean (____ )is considered average, and ____ of the population has IQ scores in this range
Between 85 and 115, 82%
Sir Francis Galton
British researcher, considered the father of mental tests; interested in the origin of intelligence and began the nature-nurture debate; thought that one's heredity is response for one's intelligence
logical-mathematical intelligence
Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic; scientist, mathematician
Other psychologists believed that instead of a single factor, intelligence is a:
Collection of distinct abilities
Cognitive scientists have long been interested in the thinking processes that lead to:
Creative ideas
Individuals who score high in practical intelligence may or may not have comparable scores in ____ and ___ intelligence.
Creative, analytical
According to this idea, your genetic potential is a fixed quantity, but whether you reach your full intellectual potential is:
Dependent upon the environmental stimulation you experience, especially in childhood
Children with dysgraphia often have
Difficulty putting their thoughts down on paper; may also have problems with spatial abilities
The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with
Dyslexia
People are considered ___ if they have an IQ score of 130 or higher, or superior intelligence in a particular area
Gifted
multiple intelligence theory
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
General level is
General intelligence
Mensa
Organization dedicated to identifying, researching, and fostering intelligence
Three criterion the U.S. Patent Office uses to decide whether an invention can receive patent protection
Originality, usefulness, and surprise
It is critical to recognize that ____ , ____ , and ____ are all quantitative rather than qualitative attributes of an idea
Originality, usefulness, surprise
crystallized intelligence helps you:
Overcome concrete, straightforward problems
linguistic intelligence
Perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages; journalist, novelist, poet, teacher
Norms
Referential scores
Fluid intelligence helps you:
Tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life
You use crystallized intelligence all the time in your coursework by demonstrating:
That you have mastered the information covered in the course
Robert Sternberg developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled:
The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Three intelligence tests credited to Wechsler
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSI-IV)
creativity
The ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
Charles Spearman focused on
The commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de emphasized what made each unique
IQ tests have sometimes been used as arguments in support of insidious purposes, such as:
The eugenics movement
Wechsler believed that intelligence encompassed
The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment
Daniel Goleman
Thought of Emotional Intelligence : able to manage own emotions, is capable of self-motivation and self direction, recognizes emotions in others, and is able to handle various types of relationships.
musical intelligence
Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist; composer, performer
The five indices are:
Verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
Some cultures place a high value on
Working together as a collective
Norming
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computations; demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
learning disabilities
cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading
range of reaction
each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
fluid intelligence
encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
David Wechsler
established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI
Terman's longitudinal study
found people with high IQs to be well adjusted and successful
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
learning disability
Dysgraphia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
Standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.
one standard deviation above the mean
Louis Terman
revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children
representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale
the forerunner to the popular Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, it was created by David Wechsler and released in 1939 as a test of general intellectual ability; revised many times, it remains the most widely used individual test of ability
convergent thinking
the opposite of divergent thinking, the capacity to narrow in on the single "correct" answer or solution to a given question or problem (e.g., giving the right response on an intelligence tests)
Unusual Uses Task (UUT) (Guilford)
the participant is asked to generate alternative uses for a common object
Flynn effect
the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years
Charles Spearman
1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)
Raymond Cattell
1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test)
Only ___ of the population has an IQ score below 70
2.2%
intrapersonal intelligence
Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals; key component of personal success over time
spatial intelligence
Ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space; choreographer, sculptor, architect, aviator, sailor
Broad level consists of general abilities such as:
Fluid reasoning, short term memory, and processing speed
Letter reversal
reverses letters when reading
Psychologists have wondered what constitutes:
Intelligence and how it can be measured
IQ
Intelligence quotient and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence
Very creative people often have
Intense knowledge about something, work on it for years, look at novel solutions, seek out the advice and help of other experts, and take risks
Remote Associates Test (RAT)
Introduced by Mednick; believed that the creative process requires the ability to associate ideas that are considered very far apart conceptually.
Although creativity is often associated with the arts,
It is actually a vital form of intelligence that drives people in many disciplines to discover something new
A score of 85 would be described as
One standard deviation below the mean
Narrow level includes
Specific forms of cognitive abilities
crystallized intelligence
characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
practical intelligence
"Street smarts"; means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences
The responses can be scored on four dimensions:
(a) Fluency, the total number of appropriate uses generated (b) Originality, the statistical rarity of the uses given (c) Flexibility, the number of distinct conceptual categories implied by the various uses (d) Elaboration, the amount of detail given for the generated uses
An IQ score of ___ or above is considered a superior level
130
The WISC-V is composed of ____ subtests, which comprise 5 indices, which then render an IQ score
14
one standard deviation (IQ test)
15 points
Learning disability
A neurological disorder that impacts the brain's functioning
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
A study that found that identical twins whether raised together or apart have very similar personalities-supporting the idea that personality is strongly related to genetics
interpersonal intelligence
Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others; counselor, social worker, salesperson
The various processes do share one feature:
All enable the person to "think outside the box" imposed by routine thinking- to venture into territory that would otherwise be ignored
emotional intelligence
Encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, regulate your own emotions, and respond in culturally appropriate ways
norming and standardizing the test
Ensures that new scores are reliable
Norma are not _____ but a demonstration of what that group does know
Expectations of what a given group should know
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks; dancer, athlete, athletic coach, yoga instructor
naturalist intelligence
High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it; biologist, ecologist, environmentalist
About 2% fall into this category
IQs that fall in highest range
Originality
Idea must have a low probability
Surprise
Idea should be surprising, or at least nonobvious
Usefulness
Idea should be valuable or work
IQ testing is used
In courts to determine whether a defendant has special or extenuating circumstances that preclude him from participating in some way in a trial
Some researchers believe that intelligence is a trait ____ from a person's parents
Inherited
An individual in this IQ range (70 or less) would be considered to have an
Intellectual development disorder (intellectual disability) and exhibit deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
The RAT consists of:
Items that require the respondent to identify a word that can be associated to three rather distinct stimulus words
The trick to finding a bell curve in nature is to use a
Large sample size
Famous Supreme Court case, Buck v. Bell
Legalized the forced sterilization of some people deemed "feeble-minded" through this type of testing, resulting in about 65,000 sterilizations
Jensen's most controversial conclusion
Level 2 intelligence is prevalent among Asians, then Caucasians, then African Americans
Jensen posited that intelligence was made up of two types of abilities:
Level I and Level II
The narrow abilities are the only ones that can be directly _____; however, they are ____ within the other abilities
Measured, integrated
Standard-Binet Intelligence Scale
Measures cognitive abilities in children and adults; Used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies
Many so called "creative tests" are actually
Measures of the thought processes believed to underlie the creative act
Short term memory would further break down into _____ and ____.
Memory span, working memory capacity
Intellectual development disorder has four subtypes:
Mild, moderate, severe, and profound
Dyslexia
Most common learning disability in children; exhibits an inability to correctly process letters
Learning disabilities are ___ the same as intellectual development disorders (intellectual disabilities)
Not
Level 2
Responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities; exhibited differences among ethnic groups
Level 1
Responsible for rote memorization; remained consistent among the human race
triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions
A score of 70 or less on an IQ test indicates
Significant cognitive delays, major deficits in adaptive functioning, and difficulty meeting "community standards of personal independence and social responsibility" when compared to same aged peers
As a result, children with dyslexia may not understand _____ correspondence
Sound-letter
Learning disabilities are considered
Specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities
divergent thinking
The opposite of convergent thinking, the capacity for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem (e.g., coming up with many different uses for a common object)
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Cognitive Abilities
abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the top, broad abilities in the middle, and narrow (specific) abilities at the bottom
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
Dyscalculia
difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic; often first evident when children exhibit difficulty discerning how many objects are in a small group without counting them
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100
Mark Kishiyama
determined that children living in poverty demonstrated reduced prefrontal brain functioning comparable to children with damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex
Arthur Jensen
presented a theme that genetic influence accounted for the majority of differences in test scores when races were compared. This prompted the genetic-environment issue of intelligence differences in races.