Psy 201- Intelligence and Creativity

reliable intelligence testing

Began in earnest during early 1900s with a researcher named Alfred Binet; asked to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school; it included many verbally based tasks

bell curve

Bell-shaped curve; typically results from graphing frequency versus distribution for a trait that varies continuously.

Any IQ that falls within one standard deviation above and below the mean (____ )is considered average, and ____ of the population has IQ scores in this range

Between 85 and 115, 82%

Sir Francis Galton

British researcher, considered the father of mental tests; interested in the origin of intelligence and began the nature-nurture debate; thought that one's heredity is response for one's intelligence

logical-mathematical intelligence

Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic; scientist, mathematician

Other psychologists believed that instead of a single factor, intelligence is a:

Collection of distinct abilities

Cognitive scientists have long been interested in the thinking processes that lead to:

Creative ideas

Individuals who score high in practical intelligence may or may not have comparable scores in ____ and ___ intelligence.

Creative, analytical

According to this idea, your genetic potential is a fixed quantity, but whether you reach your full intellectual potential is:

Dependent upon the environmental stimulation you experience, especially in childhood

Children with dysgraphia often have

Difficulty putting their thoughts down on paper; may also have problems with spatial abilities

The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with

Dyslexia

People are considered ___ if they have an IQ score of 130 or higher, or superior intelligence in a particular area

Gifted

multiple intelligence theory

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

General level is

General intelligence

Mensa

Organization dedicated to identifying, researching, and fostering intelligence

Three criterion the U.S. Patent Office uses to decide whether an invention can receive patent protection

Originality, usefulness, and surprise

It is critical to recognize that ____ , ____ , and ____ are all quantitative rather than qualitative attributes of an idea

Originality, usefulness, surprise

crystallized intelligence helps you:

Overcome concrete, straightforward problems

linguistic intelligence

Perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages; journalist, novelist, poet, teacher

Norms

Referential scores

Fluid intelligence helps you:

Tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life

You use crystallized intelligence all the time in your coursework by demonstrating:

That you have mastered the information covered in the course

Robert Sternberg developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled:

The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Three intelligence tests credited to Wechsler

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSI-IV)

creativity

The ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

Charles Spearman focused on

The commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de emphasized what made each unique

IQ tests have sometimes been used as arguments in support of insidious purposes, such as:

The eugenics movement

Wechsler believed that intelligence encompassed

The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment

Daniel Goleman

Thought of Emotional Intelligence : able to manage own emotions, is capable of self-motivation and self direction, recognizes emotions in others, and is able to handle various types of relationships.

musical intelligence

Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist; composer, performer

The five indices are:

Verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

Some cultures place a high value on

Working together as a collective

Norming

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

analytical intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computations; demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

learning disabilities

cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading

range of reaction

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up

fluid intelligence

encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

David Wechsler

established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI

Terman's longitudinal study

found people with high IQs to be well adjusted and successful

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

Dysgraphia

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

Standardization

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

Louis Terman

revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children

representative sample

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

the forerunner to the popular Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, it was created by David Wechsler and released in 1939 as a test of general intellectual ability; revised many times, it remains the most widely used individual test of ability

convergent thinking

the opposite of divergent thinking, the capacity to narrow in on the single "correct" answer or solution to a given question or problem (e.g., giving the right response on an intelligence tests)

Unusual Uses Task (UUT) (Guilford)

the participant is asked to generate alternative uses for a common object

Flynn effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years

Charles Spearman

1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Raymond Cattell

1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test)

Only ___ of the population has an IQ score below 70

2.2%

intrapersonal intelligence

Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals; key component of personal success over time

spatial intelligence

Ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space; choreographer, sculptor, architect, aviator, sailor

Broad level consists of general abilities such as:

Fluid reasoning, short term memory, and processing speed

Letter reversal

reverses letters when reading

Psychologists have wondered what constitutes:

Intelligence and how it can be measured

IQ

Intelligence quotient and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence

Very creative people often have

Intense knowledge about something, work on it for years, look at novel solutions, seek out the advice and help of other experts, and take risks

Remote Associates Test (RAT)

Introduced by Mednick; believed that the creative process requires the ability to associate ideas that are considered very far apart conceptually.

Although creativity is often associated with the arts,

It is actually a vital form of intelligence that drives people in many disciplines to discover something new

A score of 85 would be described as

One standard deviation below the mean

Narrow level includes

Specific forms of cognitive abilities

crystallized intelligence

characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

practical intelligence

"Street smarts"; means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences

The responses can be scored on four dimensions:

(a) Fluency, the total number of appropriate uses generated (b) Originality, the statistical rarity of the uses given (c) Flexibility, the number of distinct conceptual categories implied by the various uses (d) Elaboration, the amount of detail given for the generated uses

An IQ score of ___ or above is considered a superior level

130

The WISC-V is composed of ____ subtests, which comprise 5 indices, which then render an IQ score

14

one standard deviation (IQ test)

15 points

Learning disability

A neurological disorder that impacts the brain's functioning

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A study that found that identical twins whether raised together or apart have very similar personalities-supporting the idea that personality is strongly related to genetics

interpersonal intelligence

Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others; counselor, social worker, salesperson

The various processes do share one feature:

All enable the person to "think outside the box" imposed by routine thinking- to venture into territory that would otherwise be ignored

emotional intelligence

Encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, regulate your own emotions, and respond in culturally appropriate ways

norming and standardizing the test

Ensures that new scores are reliable

Norma are not _____ but a demonstration of what that group does know

Expectations of what a given group should know

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks; dancer, athlete, athletic coach, yoga instructor

naturalist intelligence

High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it; biologist, ecologist, environmentalist

About 2% fall into this category

IQs that fall in highest range

Originality

Idea must have a low probability

Surprise

Idea should be surprising, or at least nonobvious

Usefulness

Idea should be valuable or work

IQ testing is used

In courts to determine whether a defendant has special or extenuating circumstances that preclude him from participating in some way in a trial

Some researchers believe that intelligence is a trait ____ from a person's parents

Inherited

An individual in this IQ range (70 or less) would be considered to have an

Intellectual development disorder (intellectual disability) and exhibit deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

The RAT consists of:

Items that require the respondent to identify a word that can be associated to three rather distinct stimulus words

The trick to finding a bell curve in nature is to use a

Large sample size

Famous Supreme Court case, Buck v. Bell

Legalized the forced sterilization of some people deemed "feeble-minded" through this type of testing, resulting in about 65,000 sterilizations

Jensen's most controversial conclusion

Level 2 intelligence is prevalent among Asians, then Caucasians, then African Americans

Jensen posited that intelligence was made up of two types of abilities:

Level I and Level II

The narrow abilities are the only ones that can be directly _____; however, they are ____ within the other abilities

Measured, integrated

Standard-Binet Intelligence Scale

Measures cognitive abilities in children and adults; Used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies

Many so called "creative tests" are actually

Measures of the thought processes believed to underlie the creative act

Short term memory would further break down into _____ and ____.

Memory span, working memory capacity

Intellectual development disorder has four subtypes:

Mild, moderate, severe, and profound

Dyslexia

Most common learning disability in children; exhibits an inability to correctly process letters

Learning disabilities are ___ the same as intellectual development disorders (intellectual disabilities)

Not

Level 2

Responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities; exhibited differences among ethnic groups

Level 1

Responsible for rote memorization; remained consistent among the human race

triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

A score of 70 or less on an IQ test indicates

Significant cognitive delays, major deficits in adaptive functioning, and difficulty meeting "community standards of personal independence and social responsibility" when compared to same aged peers

As a result, children with dyslexia may not understand _____ correspondence

Sound-letter

Learning disabilities are considered

Specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities

divergent thinking

The opposite of convergent thinking, the capacity for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem (e.g., coming up with many different uses for a common object)

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Cognitive Abilities

abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the top, broad abilities in the middle, and narrow (specific) abilities at the bottom

creative intelligence

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

Dyscalculia

difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic; often first evident when children exhibit difficulty discerning how many objects are in a small group without counting them

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

Mark Kishiyama

determined that children living in poverty demonstrated reduced prefrontal brain functioning comparable to children with damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex

Arthur Jensen

presented a theme that genetic influence accounted for the majority of differences in test scores when races were compared. This prompted the genetic-environment issue of intelligence differences in races.