Chapter 2

Testimonial

Personal endorsement of a product

Anecdote

Personal reports of experience

Pseudoscience

Presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

Quackery

Promotion of useless medical treatments

Correlation

Relationship between two variables - could be coincidence not necessarily cause and effect

Peer reviewed literature

Researcher does a study and writes it up, they go through great detail and the key is peers who are researchers in that area read through it and make sure methodology is correct and try to repeat it, if they cannot then something is wrong with methodology

Placebo effect

Response to a placebo

Dissemination

Sharing data as widely as possible this is crucial

Epidemiology

Study of disease at a population level, obesity, chronic disease- looking at changes in the population, changes that cause the disease

Generally epidemiological studies A) establish causation B) prove correlations C) cannot determine cause and effect relationships D) are experimental based research between two variables

C) cannot determine cause and effect relationships

Negative change

Change in opposite directions

Positive change

Change in the same direction

Joseph Goldberger

Changed perception of pellagra as an infectious disease- helped to shed light on nutrient deficiencies - took skin cells from an "infected person" and injected himself with it and did not contract the disease

Comparing characteristics of individuals with iron deficiency anemia to individuals who match the characteristics but are healthy would be an example of A) prospective study B) anecdotal study C) retrospective study D) case-control study

D) case control study

First step of scientific method usually involves A) gathering data B) developing a hypothesis C) identifying relationships between variables D) making observations

D) making observations

Double blind study

Experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participants assignment

Placebo

Fake treatment- sham pill, injection, medical procedure

Treatment group

Group that receives treatment in a study

Red flags

Is someone trying to sell you something Does it solve a problem with a pill that is not easily solved Are testimonials/before and after photos involved Is there a money back guarantee

Prospective study

Looking at a healthy group of individuals over time to determine characteristics associated with development of disease

Retrospective study

Looking back to see what could have cause specific diseases

Nutrition Misinformation

Often info is taken completely out of context- have to be critical of sources

A testimonial is A) an unbiased report about a products value B) a scientifically valid claim C) a personal endorsement of a product D) a form of scientific evidence

C) a personal endorsement of a product

Case Control Study

1 group with specific condition, 1 group without condition but with similar characteristics, analyzing two groups scientists identify dietary factors that differ between the two

Pellagra

4 Ds- diarrhea, dementia, death, dermatitis

____ includes the study of disease rats among different population groups A)epidemiology B)technobiology C)diseasiology D)censusology

A)Epidemiology

Which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased and unreliable nutrition information A) the site of a nationally recognized healthy association (.ca or .org) B) a site that promotes or slow dietary supplements (.com) C) the site of a Canadian government agency (.gc.ca) D) an accredited college or university website (.edu)

B) a website that promotes or sells dietary supplements

A group of scientists observe a group of university students over four years to determine which of their characteristics leads to weight gain. Example of A)case control study B)prospective study C) retrospective study D)experimental study

B) prospective study

Control group

The group without treatment used to compare the changes in the treatment group- often uses a placebo

T/F Peer reviewed journals publish research findings only after the journal article has been reviewed by a specialist in the field to ensure the methodology research findings are legitimate

True

Which of the following journals does not have peer reviewed articles A) Canadian journal of dietetic practice and research B) American journal of clinical nutrition C) Canadian journal of public health D)none of the above

D) none of the above

A fake treatment is a(n) A) anecdote B) double blind study C) pseudoscience experiment D) placebo

D) placebo