Chapter 20

A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.

12

A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.

False

The word element that specifically indicates the kidney is ______.

Ren-

In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption.

Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood.

The kidneys, and other organs, are retroperitoneal. What does that mean?

They are located behind the peritoneal cavity.

What is the renal capsule?

a fibrous membrane around the kidney

Effects of aging on the kidneys include which of the following?

a gradual decrease in blood flow through the kidneys a gradual decrease in size of the kidneys a loss of glomerular function

What is a glomerulus?

a tangled cluster of blood capillaries

Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts.

antidiuretic hormone

The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______.

autoregulation

The hollow muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis that is part of the urinary system is the urinary

bladder

The hilum of the kidney is the location where ______ pass into and out of the kidney.

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, ureter

The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal

clearance

Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges?

composition of body fluids pH of body fluids volume of body fluids

The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ______.

cortex

Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration.

decrease

Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron.

distal tubule

Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct?

distal tubule

An increase in urine volume is called

diuresis

The kidneys produce a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production called

erythropoietin

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?

favors filtration

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

fenestrae

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration.

filtrate

The fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular

filtrate

Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

filtration

The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular

filtration

In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption?

from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

glomerular capillaries

Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?

glomerular capillaries

If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?

glomerular damage

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is called ___ ___.

glomerular filtration

Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

glomerular filtration

Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

What is the most important factor in determining GFR?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The greater the filtration pressure within a glomerulus, the ______ the rate of filtration will be.

higher

The medial surface of the kidney is the site of the renal ______, a depression and slit where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave the kidney.

hilum

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood

What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate?

hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration

If net filtration pressure increases, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will ______.

increase

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure.

increase

Define diuresis.

increased or excessive production of urine

Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion.

independent of

Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?

inward

What does the root word "ren-" mean?

kidney

The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the

kidneys

The urinary bladders lies posteriorly against the rectum in ______.

males only

The process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder is called urination or

micturition

What is an alternate medical name for the process of urination?

micturition

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted.

much greater than

The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the

nephrons

Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production?

nephrons

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus?

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

on either side of the vertebral column

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of

osmosis

Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule?

osmosis

When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries?

out of the glomerular capillaries

When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force.

outward

What does the word root "nephr-" mean?

pertaining to the kidney

The kidneys are on the ______ wall.

posterior abdominal

The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ___ tubule.

proximal

Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______.

proximal tubule

From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______.

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular

reabsorption

The kidneys release a hormone called erythropoietin which regulates ______.

red blood cell production

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

regulate the composition and volume of body fluids

The ______ vein drains blood from the kidney and returns it to the heart via the inferior vena cava.

renal

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ___ artery

renal

What is the thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney called?

renal capsule

The two major components of a nephron are the ______.

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Which are the two major components of a nephron?

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Which region of the kidney lies just below the renal capsule?

renal cortex

The ______ carries blood away from the kidney, joining the ______ to flow back to the heart.

renal vein, inferior vena cava

The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum. The term that describes that location is

retroperitoneal

The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid?

tissue fluid

During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______

tubular fluid; blood

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______.

tubular secretion

What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule?

tubular secretion

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is

urea

Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine?

urea

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?

ureter

The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n)

ureter

The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______.

ureter

List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate.

uric acid, glucose, amino acids

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ___ system

urinary

The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called

urine

What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?

urine

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?

vasoconstriction

Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______.

water

The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys.

water