Chapter 20 Revised

When blood flow increases stretch of specific arterioles in the kidney, the arterioles reflexively contract to keep blood pressure from getting too high. This is an example of the myogenic response. T/F

TRUE

Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?

Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a.

_______________ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.

Fenestrated

Which statement is accurate? A) Filtration dominated the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. B) Filtration dominated at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. C) Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. D) Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, an is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

When resistance is high, a larger blood pressure gradient must be produced to maintain adequate blood flow. T/F

TRUE

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?

The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?

Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close

Give the formula for net filtration pressure; then include typical values (at the arterial end of a capillary bed) for all variables and include units.

NFP= (HPb - HPif) - (COPb - COPif)

Select all that apply. The hepatic portal vein contains blood from the A) splenic vein B) superior mesenteric vein C) inferior mesenteric vein D) hepatic veins

Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein. A,B,C

Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.

TRUE

Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. T/F

TRUE

Branches of the subclavian carry blood on the way to the brain, neck, and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands. T/F

TRUE

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure. T/F

TRUE

Most venous blood from the cranium drains into dural venous sinuses, which drain into the internal jugular veins. T/F

TRUE

Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart. T/F

TRUE

Slow blood flow in the capillaries allows time for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues. T/F

TRUE

Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport. T/F

TRUE

Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction. T/F

TRUE

The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. T/F

TRUE

The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. T/F

TRUE

The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava. T/F

TRUE

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. T/F

TRUE

The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood. T/F

TRUE

Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin

a, b, e bone marrow, spleen, liver

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form _______ veins; all of these veins are _________ veins.

brachial; deep

The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _________ veins.

brachiocephalic

The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the

brachiocephalic artery.

Because of their role in material exchanges, the _____________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.

capillaries

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.

capillaries

It is important that flow of blood in the __________ is slow, allowing time for nutrients and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissues.

capillaries

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the

cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

The _________________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.

cephalic

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

Blood velocity is measured in ________ and is generally __________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

cm/second; inversely

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

common iliac arteries.

Which is the most common type of capillary?

continuous

Low blood pressure may cause the new hydrostatic pressure of a capillary to be less than normal. This will result in a(n) _____________ net filtration pressure.

decreased

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure

decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.

Umbilical arteries carry __________ blood.

deoxygenated

The pulmonary trunk carries

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

Superior phrenic arteries supply the _________ and emerge from the _________.

diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the bloof and interstitial fluid by way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Blood flow is

directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

drain the capillary bed.

Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

ductus arteriosus

most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through large vessels known as the __________ venous sinuses

dural

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries.

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: endothelium b: subendothelial layer c: internal elastic lamina d: intercellular clefts e: external elastic lamina f: basement membrane

endothelium, intercellular clefts, basement membrane (a, d, f)

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

external iliac arteries.

As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the ___________ vein.

femoral

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger.

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

get smaller.

The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure ______________.

gradient

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?

hepatic veins

An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive __________.

hyperemia

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.

Excitation of the vasomotor center results in

increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.

Increased cardiac output ____________ the blood pressure.

increases

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the

inferior vena cava.

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,

intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.

The umbilical cord contains _________ umbilical vein(s) and ___________ umbilical artery(ies).

one; two

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.

opposite

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it

passes above the inguinal ligament.

The hepatic _________ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.

portal

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the __________ and ___________ arteries.

radial; ulnar

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

Picture question

refer to study guide.

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can

stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.

The ___________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer or areolar connective tissue.

tunica intima

The _______ is composed of circulatory arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

tunica media.

Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________ in veins prevent blood from pooling

valves

A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

vasa vasorum

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decreases urine formation, and increased thirst.

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates

vasodilation, increases urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.

The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called _________________.

vasomotion

Blood pressure is lowest in

veins.

In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ___________.

venosus

A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed. T/F

FALSE

Angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have

low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.

Which of the following supplies blood to the abdominal wall?

lumbar arteries

branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _______ artery

maxillary

At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _____________ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.

median sacral

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,

more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?

muscular arteries

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of

nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal system into the blood.

Which of following supplies blood to the medial thigh muscles?

obturator artery

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

systemic veins

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as

thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the

transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than _________ micrometers.

100

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

50mmHg.

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be

80 mmHg.

Describe the changes in blood flow and pressure that result when someone engages in prolonged strenuous exercise. Indicate how pressure, flow, and resistance change systemically and in the skeletal muscles being used.

?

Precapillary sphincters will a) control blood flow into the true capillaries b) cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule c) open when the tissue needs nutrients d) close when the tissue's needs have been met e) all of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following vessel types typically has the thickest tunica media?

Arteries

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?

Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?

Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.

________________ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.

Digital

Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar. T/F

FALSE

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow. T/F

FALSE

During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response. T/F

FALSE

Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes. T/F

FALSE

Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure. T/F

FALSE

Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate. T/F

FALSE

The azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae. T/F

FALSE

The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein. T/F

FALSE

Select all that contribute to the cerebral arterial circle. A) Internal carotid arteries B) External carotid arteries C) Anterior cerebral arteries D) Posterior communicating arteries

Internal carotid arteries. Anterior cerebral arteries. Posterior communicating arteries. A,C,D

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the a: internal jugular veins b: right sigmoid sinus c: left sigmoid sinus d: subclavian veins e: straight sinus

Internal jugular veins. Subclavian veins. a,d

Select all that describe the total blood flow. A) It is the amount of blood transported through a specific tissue in given period of time. B) It is equivalent to cardiac output. C) It increases during exercise. D) It averages 5 liters per minute during rest.

It is equivalent to cardiac output. It increases during exercise. It averages 5 liters per minute during rest. B,C,D

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?

Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries.

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?

Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.

Tendons and ligaments have

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be

above normal.

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show

an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.

The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as

angiogenesis.

Renin converts

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the

anterior cerebral arteries.

The ______________ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood.

arteries

The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to the stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _________.

baroreceptors

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ___________ artery.

basilar

The ________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein.

basilic vein

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then the net filtration pressure would

be higher than normal.

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure.

A portal system

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

The popliteal artery supplies the

knee joint.

Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?

left gastric artery

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the

ligamentum teres.

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be

regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is

slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?

subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

The azygos vein merges with the _____________ vena cava.

superior

The internal thoracic artery will become the ____________, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall.

superior epigastric artery

The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the ___________ artery.

superior mesenteric

Which of the following supplies blood to the urinary bladder?

superior vesical artery

Atherosclerosis involves a

sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.