Chapter 20 Revised
When blood flow increases stretch of specific arterioles in the kidney, the arterioles reflexively contract to keep blood pressure from getting too high. This is an example of the myogenic response. T/F
TRUE
Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?
Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a.
_______________ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.
Fenestrated
Which statement is accurate? A) Filtration dominated the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. B) Filtration dominated at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. C) Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. D) Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, an is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?
Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.
When resistance is high, a larger blood pressure gradient must be produced to maintain adequate blood flow. T/F
TRUE
What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?
The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.
What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?
Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close
Give the formula for net filtration pressure; then include typical values (at the arterial end of a capillary bed) for all variables and include units.
NFP= (HPb - HPif) - (COPb - COPif)
Select all that apply. The hepatic portal vein contains blood from the A) splenic vein B) superior mesenteric vein C) inferior mesenteric vein D) hepatic veins
Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein. A,B,C
Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.
TRUE
Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. T/F
TRUE
Branches of the subclavian carry blood on the way to the brain, neck, and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands. T/F
TRUE
Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure. T/F
TRUE
Most venous blood from the cranium drains into dural venous sinuses, which drain into the internal jugular veins. T/F
TRUE
Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart. T/F
TRUE
Slow blood flow in the capillaries allows time for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues. T/F
TRUE
Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport. T/F
TRUE
Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction. T/F
TRUE
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. T/F
TRUE
The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. T/F
TRUE
The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava. T/F
TRUE
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. T/F
TRUE
The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood. T/F
TRUE
Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin
a, b, e bone marrow, spleen, liver
The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form _______ veins; all of these veins are _________ veins.
brachial; deep
The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _________ veins.
brachiocephalic
The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the
brachiocephalic artery.
Because of their role in material exchanges, the _____________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.
capillaries
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.
capillaries
It is important that flow of blood in the __________ is slow, allowing time for nutrients and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissues.
capillaries
The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the
cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
The _________________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.
cephalic
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate
chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.
Blood velocity is measured in ________ and is generally __________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.
cm/second; inversely
The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the
common iliac arteries.
Which is the most common type of capillary?
continuous
Low blood pressure may cause the new hydrostatic pressure of a capillary to be less than normal. This will result in a(n) _____________ net filtration pressure.
decreased
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure
decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
Umbilical arteries carry __________ blood.
deoxygenated
The pulmonary trunk carries
deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.
Superior phrenic arteries supply the _________ and emerge from the _________.
diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the bloof and interstitial fluid by way of
diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Blood flow is
directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.
Peripheral resistance is
directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.
The function of the postcapillary venule is to
drain the capillary bed.
Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
ductus arteriosus
most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through large vessels known as the __________ venous sinuses
dural
The largest arteries of the body are classified as
elastic arteries.
Which are found in the capillary wall? a: endothelium b: subendothelial layer c: internal elastic lamina d: intercellular clefts e: external elastic lamina f: basement membrane
endothelium, intercellular clefts, basement membrane (a, d, f)
The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the
external iliac arteries.
As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the ___________ vein.
femoral
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins
get larger.
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries
get smaller.
The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure ______________.
gradient
Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
hepatic veins
An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive __________.
hyperemia
Systolic blood pressure is recorded
in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.
Excitation of the vasomotor center results in
increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.
Increased cardiac output ____________ the blood pressure.
increases
The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the
inferior vena cava.
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,
intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.
The umbilical cord contains _________ umbilical vein(s) and ___________ umbilical artery(ies).
one; two
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.
opposite
The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it
passes above the inguinal ligament.
The hepatic _________ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.
portal
The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the __________ and ___________ arteries.
radial; ulnar
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to
reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
Picture question
refer to study guide.
Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can
stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.
At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor
stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.
The ___________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer or areolar connective tissue.
tunica intima
The _______ is composed of circulatory arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.
tunica media
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the
tunica media.
Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________ in veins prevent blood from pooling
valves
A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.
vasa vasorum
Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction, decreases urine formation, and increased thirst.
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate
vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates
vasodilation, increases urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.
The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called _________________.
vasomotion
Blood pressure is lowest in
veins.
In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ___________.
venosus
A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed. T/F
FALSE
Angiogenesis
allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.
Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is
low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have
low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.
Which of the following supplies blood to the abdominal wall?
lumbar arteries
branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _______ artery
maxillary
At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _____________ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.
median sacral
Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,
more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?
muscular arteries
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of
nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal system into the blood.
Which of following supplies blood to the medial thigh muscles?
obturator artery
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?
systemic veins
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as
thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than _________ micrometers.
100
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be
50mmHg.
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be
80 mmHg.
Describe the changes in blood flow and pressure that result when someone engages in prolonged strenuous exercise. Indicate how pressure, flow, and resistance change systemically and in the skeletal muscles being used.
?
Precapillary sphincters will a) control blood flow into the true capillaries b) cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule c) open when the tissue needs nutrients d) close when the tissue's needs have been met e) all of the answers are correct
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following vessel types typically has the thickest tunica media?
Arteries
Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?
Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.
During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?
Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.
Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?
Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.
________________ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.
Digital
Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar. T/F
FALSE
An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow. T/F
FALSE
During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response. T/F
FALSE
Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes. T/F
FALSE
Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure. T/F
FALSE
Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate. T/F
FALSE
The azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae. T/F
FALSE
The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein. T/F
FALSE
Select all that contribute to the cerebral arterial circle. A) Internal carotid arteries B) External carotid arteries C) Anterior cerebral arteries D) Posterior communicating arteries
Internal carotid arteries. Anterior cerebral arteries. Posterior communicating arteries. A,C,D
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the a: internal jugular veins b: right sigmoid sinus c: left sigmoid sinus d: subclavian veins e: straight sinus
Internal jugular veins. Subclavian veins. a,d
Select all that describe the total blood flow. A) It is the amount of blood transported through a specific tissue in given period of time. B) It is equivalent to cardiac output. C) It increases during exercise. D) It averages 5 liters per minute during rest.
It is equivalent to cardiac output. It increases during exercise. It averages 5 liters per minute during rest. B,C,D
What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries.
Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?
Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.
Tendons and ligaments have
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be
above normal.
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show
an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as
angiogenesis.
Renin converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the
anterior cerebral arteries.
The ______________ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood.
arteries
The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to the stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _________.
baroreceptors
The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ___________ artery.
basilar
The ________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein.
basilic vein
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then the net filtration pressure would
be higher than normal.
The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel
is called the blood pressure.
A portal system
is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.
The popliteal artery supplies the
knee joint.
Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?
left gastric artery
After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the
ligamentum teres.
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be
regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)
simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is
slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?
subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery
The azygos vein merges with the _____________ vena cava.
superior
The internal thoracic artery will become the ____________, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall.
superior epigastric artery
The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the ___________ artery.
superior mesenteric
Which of the following supplies blood to the urinary bladder?
superior vesical artery
Atherosclerosis involves a
sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.