Chapter 21

Division of a plant's apical meristem cells produces

Primary growth

Transpiration lowers the pressure in the leaves xylem, creating a vacuum that

Pulls water upward

Plants are covered with a waxy layer called a cuticle. This layer helps a plant

Retain moisture

Roots absorb water partly through tiny extensions of dermal cells called

Root hairs

Water moves up from a plant's roots through cells in the xylem that

Have matured and died

What does the pressure-flow model explain

How sugars move through a plant

Where is the vascular cylinder of a root

In the center of the root

Root hairs anchor plants and help them absorb water and minerals by

Increasing the root's surface area

Mineral nutrients are usually dissolved in water

Ions

Primary growth increases a plant's

Length

The upper surfaces of the leaves are used mainly for

Light gathering

Which of these processes requires a plant to use energy: moving water into the phloem, lifting water up the xylem, losing water by transpiration, or loading sugars into the phloem

Loading sugars into the phloem

In what part of a leaf does the most photosynthesis take place

Mesophyll

Which leaf adaptations occur to minimize water loss in both deserts and cold dry climates?

Needles and spines

Insects captured by predatory plants provided the plant with

Nitrogen

The function of guard cells is to

Open and close the stomata

In the pressure-flow model, sugar is pumped into the phloem and water flows into the phloem through

Osmosis

Plant cells that have thin walls and store starch, oils, and water are

Parenchyma

A thin stalk that attaches a leaf to a stem is called a

Petiole

The blade of a leaf is connected to the stem by a thin stalk called a

Petiole

The function of the vascular tissue is to

Transport water and nutrients to all parts of the plant

In humans, circulatory system moves resources to different parts of the body. what is the analogous system and plants?

Vascular system

Osmosis is best described as the diffusion of

Water

Cohesion is the result of hydrogen bonds that form between

Water molecules

Water and dissolved minerals are carried from the roots to the rest of a plant by the

Xylem

Plant cells have specialized organelles that are the site of photosynthesis. The specialized organelles are called

Chloroplasts

What are the two basic forms of roots

Fibrous roots and taproots

What is an angiosperm meditation that increases the efficiency of pollination

Flowers

What can you infer from a big annual ring inside a thin annual ring in a tree trunk

Good conditions followed by harsher conditions

Which type of tissue makes up most of the inside of a plant

Ground

The property of water that helps it climb up the sides of a glass is called

Adhesion

Water loss is not a problem for what group of plants

Aquatic plants

Which leaf part makes the end of a leaf, where it attaches to the rest of the plant

Auxillary bud

Most leaves have a broad flat part called a

Blade

Dead parenchyma cells that make up bark form a type of

Dermal tissue

A peanut has 2 seed leaves, or cotyledons. A peanut plant is an example of a(n)

Dicot

Thin leaves such as spines and needles are adaptations to

Dry climates

What problem would most plants face if they tried to grow in an aquatic environment

Exchanging gases

What type of cell found in the hard or gritty parts of fruits and vegetables

Sclerenchyma

The strongest plant cells are

Sclerenchyma cells

Phloem tissue is made up mainly of

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

The functions of plant stems include providing support, transporting water and materials, and

Storing food and water

The cohesion-tension theory proposes that water rises through plants because of

The physical properties of water

Trees do not have a structure that pumps fluids like a heart. How do fluids move from the roots to the leaves of trees without a pump

The properties of water move fluids up trees

What would happen if a plant's vascular system contain only xylem

The vascular system would be unable to transport the products of photosynthesis

What makes sclerenchyma cells tough and durable

Their second cell wall hardened by lignin

What is the function of the plasmodesmata

They allow cells to share materials

How are parenchyma cells important in healing a plant's wounds

They can regenerate throughout the plant's life

What happens to the guard cells when a plant is losing water from transpiration faster than it is gaining water at its roots

They deflate and close the stomata

How would most plants first be affected if they did not lose water by transpiration

They would be unable to lift water to their top branches

A plant's ground tissue is found

Throughout the plant

Your body's cells are organized by function. Groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function are called

Tissues

What is the function of collenchyma cells

To provide support while allowing the plant to grow

Water vapor escapes from plants by the process of

Transpiration