Chapter 21
Division of a plant's apical meristem cells produces
Primary growth
Transpiration lowers the pressure in the leaves xylem, creating a vacuum that
Pulls water upward
Plants are covered with a waxy layer called a cuticle. This layer helps a plant
Retain moisture
Roots absorb water partly through tiny extensions of dermal cells called
Root hairs
Water moves up from a plant's roots through cells in the xylem that
Have matured and died
What does the pressure-flow model explain
How sugars move through a plant
Where is the vascular cylinder of a root
In the center of the root
Root hairs anchor plants and help them absorb water and minerals by
Increasing the root's surface area
Mineral nutrients are usually dissolved in water
Ions
Primary growth increases a plant's
Length
The upper surfaces of the leaves are used mainly for
Light gathering
Which of these processes requires a plant to use energy: moving water into the phloem, lifting water up the xylem, losing water by transpiration, or loading sugars into the phloem
Loading sugars into the phloem
In what part of a leaf does the most photosynthesis take place
Mesophyll
Which leaf adaptations occur to minimize water loss in both deserts and cold dry climates?
Needles and spines
Insects captured by predatory plants provided the plant with
Nitrogen
The function of guard cells is to
Open and close the stomata
In the pressure-flow model, sugar is pumped into the phloem and water flows into the phloem through
Osmosis
Plant cells that have thin walls and store starch, oils, and water are
Parenchyma
A thin stalk that attaches a leaf to a stem is called a
Petiole
The blade of a leaf is connected to the stem by a thin stalk called a
Petiole
The function of the vascular tissue is to
Transport water and nutrients to all parts of the plant
In humans, circulatory system moves resources to different parts of the body. what is the analogous system and plants?
Vascular system
Osmosis is best described as the diffusion of
Water
Cohesion is the result of hydrogen bonds that form between
Water molecules
Water and dissolved minerals are carried from the roots to the rest of a plant by the
Xylem
Plant cells have specialized organelles that are the site of photosynthesis. The specialized organelles are called
Chloroplasts
What are the two basic forms of roots
Fibrous roots and taproots
What is an angiosperm meditation that increases the efficiency of pollination
Flowers
What can you infer from a big annual ring inside a thin annual ring in a tree trunk
Good conditions followed by harsher conditions
Which type of tissue makes up most of the inside of a plant
Ground
The property of water that helps it climb up the sides of a glass is called
Adhesion
Water loss is not a problem for what group of plants
Aquatic plants
Which leaf part makes the end of a leaf, where it attaches to the rest of the plant
Auxillary bud
Most leaves have a broad flat part called a
Blade
Dead parenchyma cells that make up bark form a type of
Dermal tissue
A peanut has 2 seed leaves, or cotyledons. A peanut plant is an example of a(n)
Dicot
Thin leaves such as spines and needles are adaptations to
Dry climates
What problem would most plants face if they tried to grow in an aquatic environment
Exchanging gases
What type of cell found in the hard or gritty parts of fruits and vegetables
Sclerenchyma
The strongest plant cells are
Sclerenchyma cells
Phloem tissue is made up mainly of
Sieve tube elements and companion cells
The functions of plant stems include providing support, transporting water and materials, and
Storing food and water
The cohesion-tension theory proposes that water rises through plants because of
The physical properties of water
Trees do not have a structure that pumps fluids like a heart. How do fluids move from the roots to the leaves of trees without a pump
The properties of water move fluids up trees
What would happen if a plant's vascular system contain only xylem
The vascular system would be unable to transport the products of photosynthesis
What makes sclerenchyma cells tough and durable
Their second cell wall hardened by lignin
What is the function of the plasmodesmata
They allow cells to share materials
How are parenchyma cells important in healing a plant's wounds
They can regenerate throughout the plant's life
What happens to the guard cells when a plant is losing water from transpiration faster than it is gaining water at its roots
They deflate and close the stomata
How would most plants first be affected if they did not lose water by transpiration
They would be unable to lift water to their top branches
A plant's ground tissue is found
Throughout the plant
Your body's cells are organized by function. Groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function are called
Tissues
What is the function of collenchyma cells
To provide support while allowing the plant to grow
Water vapor escapes from plants by the process of
Transpiration
