Chapter 21

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the

50

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?

tunica externa

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

tunica intima

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

The small vessels that capillaries drain into are called

venules

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

venules

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules.

Turbulent blood flow occurs

when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter. B) when there are irregularities in the vessel wall. C) at high flow rates. D) when blood pressure is excessively hig

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?

muscular

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the

osmolarity of interstitial fluids

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries

These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated

capillaries

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations?

capillary

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaries

Resistance is a force that

decreases blood flow

Compared to arteries, veins

have thinner walls

Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased

parasympathetic innervation

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the

precapillary sphincter

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure decreases.

As blood travels from arteries to veins

pressure drops

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?

The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has

a greater resistance to blood flow.

A vein that measures 5 mm would be considered

a medium vein

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

When renin is released from the kidney

angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to

arterial pressure.

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?

arteries

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits

both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge

both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

What structure do RBCs move through single file?

capillary

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the

capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Venous valves are responsible for

channeling blood toward the heart

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be

doubled.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output

equal to

Blood pressure is determined by

estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the

external elastic membrane

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called

fenestrated capillaries

The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure.

hydrostatic; osmotic

Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release?

hypertension

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in

increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except

increased blood concentration of glucose.

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except

increased hematocrit.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Fear can result in

increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers

As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries

increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

The smallest arterial branches are called the

precapillary arterioles

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure

pulse

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except

release of renin

Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased

salt and water loss through the kidneys

The layer of the arteriole wall that can produce vasoconstriction is the

tunica media

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow?

vascular resistance

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?

vascular resistance

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except

vasodilation.

Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel?

vein

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?

vein

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood?

veins

The thoroughfare channel ends at the

venule

Arteriosclerosis can lead to

A) coronary artery disease. B) stroke. C) hypertension. D) myocardial infarction

When a person rises quickly from a sitting position

A) venous return is decreased. B) reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs. C) heart rate is reflexively elevated. D) the carotid baroreceptors become less active

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?

A) vessel diameter B) turbulence C) vascular resistance D) blood viscosity

Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery?

0.4 cm

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg

100

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if the blood gains or loses fluid. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________ .

15 mm Hg; loss

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

List in correct order the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit starting at the aorta. 1. venules 5. medium veins 2. arterioles 6. large veins 3. capillaries 7. muscular arteries 4. elastic arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Which of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation?

A) blood flow changes to match tissue responses B) changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure C) blood flow through tissues meets the demand for oxygen D) blood flow through tissues meets the demand for nutrients

Edema may occur when

A) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. B) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. C) endothelial permeability goes up. D) blood pressure is high.

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?

A) turbulence B) vascular resistance C) blood viscosity D) vessel diameter

Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)?

F=P/R

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel?

arteriole

Which vessel is known as a resistance vessel?

arteriole

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the

arteriole.

Relative to the lumen, which of these vessels has the thickest tunica media?

arterioles

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the

arterioles

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

arterioles dilate.

In what vessel is blood pressure the highest?

artery

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions?

assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries B) accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones C) helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system D) flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by:

large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma

The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)

large vein

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the

liver

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the:

lymphatic system

Which of the following changes doesn't occur during exercise compared to rest

skin blood flow is lower

Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?

smoking B) high cholesterol C) lack of exercise D) obesity

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because:

starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?

stroke

You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in

the pituitary

Edema may occur (only) when

the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up

Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is

the subclavian artery