Chapter 21
Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the
50
Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
tunica externa
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
tunica intima
The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
The small vessels that capillaries drain into are called
venules
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules.
Turbulent blood flow occurs
when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter. B) when there are irregularities in the vessel wall. C) at high flow rates. D) when blood pressure is excessively hig
The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?
muscular
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the
osmolarity of interstitial fluids
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in
capillaries
These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated
capillaries
Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations?
capillary
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaries
Resistance is a force that
decreases blood flow
Compared to arteries, veins
have thinner walls
Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased
parasympathetic innervation
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
precapillary sphincter
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure decreases.
As blood travels from arteries to veins
pressure drops
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
The net filtration pressure is usually zero.
In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has
a greater resistance to blood flow.
A vein that measures 5 mm would be considered
a medium vein
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
When renin is released from the kidney
angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.
Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to
arterial pressure.
What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?
arteries
Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits
both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.
Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure
When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge
both heart rate and stroke volume increase.
What structure do RBCs move through single file?
capillary
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the
capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Venous valves are responsible for
channeling blood toward the heart
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins
If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
doubled.
The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?
elastic
Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output
equal to
Blood pressure is determined by
estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff
The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the
external elastic membrane
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
fenestrated capillaries
The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure.
hydrostatic; osmotic
Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release?
hypertension
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in
increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system
Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except
increased blood concentration of glucose.
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except
increased hematocrit.
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Fear can result in
increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers
As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries
increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease
In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the
internal elastic membrane.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
The smallest arterial branches are called the
precapillary arterioles
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure
pulse
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
reduces; increases
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except
release of renin
Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
salt and water loss through the kidneys
The layer of the arteriole wall that can produce vasoconstriction is the
tunica media
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow?
vascular resistance
Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?
vascular resistance
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except
vasodilation.
Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel?
vein
Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?
vein
What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?
vein
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood?
veins
The thoroughfare channel ends at the
venule
Arteriosclerosis can lead to
A) coronary artery disease. B) stroke. C) hypertension. D) myocardial infarction
When a person rises quickly from a sitting position
A) venous return is decreased. B) reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs. C) heart rate is reflexively elevated. D) the carotid baroreceptors become less active
Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
A) vessel diameter B) turbulence C) vascular resistance D) blood viscosity
Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery?
0.4 cm
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg
100
Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if the blood gains or loses fluid. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________ .
15 mm Hg; loss
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
List in correct order the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit starting at the aorta. 1. venules 5. medium veins 2. arterioles 6. large veins 3. capillaries 7. muscular arteries 4. elastic arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
Which of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation?
A) blood flow changes to match tissue responses B) changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure C) blood flow through tissues meets the demand for oxygen D) blood flow through tissues meets the demand for nutrients
Edema may occur when
A) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. B) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. C) endothelial permeability goes up. D) blood pressure is high.
Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
A) turbulence B) vascular resistance C) blood viscosity D) vessel diameter
Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)?
F=P/R
Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel?
arteriole
Which vessel is known as a resistance vessel?
arteriole
The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the
arteriole.
Relative to the lumen, which of these vessels has the thickest tunica media?
arterioles
The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the
arterioles
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
arterioles dilate.
In what vessel is blood pressure the highest?
artery
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions?
assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries B) accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones C) helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system D) flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by:
large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma
The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)
large vein
A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the
liver
Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the:
lymphatic system
Which of the following changes doesn't occur during exercise compared to rest
skin blood flow is lower
Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?
smoking B) high cholesterol C) lack of exercise D) obesity
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because:
starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP
Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?
stroke
You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in
the pituitary
Edema may occur (only) when
the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up
Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is
the subclavian artery